The Role of Interleukin-17 in Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection: A Scoping Review
Main Article Content
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive bacterium found on the skin and mucous membranes, which may cause various skin diseases in human. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections; therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) family is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in various infections, inflammation, and wound healing, which may be a potential target for Staphylococcus aureus novel therapy. This scoping review involved a literature search strategy using several electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Two hundreds and thirty-six articles were screened, and five articles were included in this study. Staphylococcus aureus produces several virulence factors such as Staphylokinase; Staphylococcal complement inhibitor, enterotoxin A, peroxidase inhibitor, and superantigen-like 13; Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of Staphylococcus aureus; Panton-Valentine and AB leukocidin; γ-haemolysin CB; Staphopain A; FPRL1 inhibitory protein, Iron-regulated surface determinant system; and coagulase. Among cytokines released as a response to Staphylococcus aureus, IL-17 is best known for its ability to initiate potent inflammatory responses such as induction of granulopoiesis factors and neutrophil-specific chemokines, acute phase response mediators, proinflammatory/bone resorptive cytokines, and matrix metalloproteinases. The IL-17-producing γδ T cells are critical during Staphylococcus aureus infections, and a pivotal cytokine to promote neutrophil recruitment, proinflammatory cytokines, host defense peptides, and orchestrate defense in keratinocytes together with IL-22. Vaccine and therapy targeting IL-17 responses in skin may be beneficial for the management of Staphylococcus aureus skin infections in susceptible humans.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Horn J, Stelzner K, Rudel T, Fraunholz M. Inside job: Staphylococcus aureus host-pathogen interactions. Int J Med Microbiol. 2018 Aug;308(6):607–24 , doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.009.
Buchan KD, Foster SJ, Renshaw SA. Staphylococcus aureus: setting its sights on the human innate immune system. Microbiology. 2019 Apr 1;165(4):367–85, doi: 10.1099/mic.0.000759.
Goldmann O, Medina E. Staphylococcus aureus strategies to evade the host acquired immune response. Int J Med Microbiol. 2018 Aug;308(6):625–30, doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.013.
de Jong NWM, van Kessel KPM, van Strijp JAG. Immune Evasion by Staphylococcus aureus. In: Gram-Positive Pathogens. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press; 2019. p. 618–39, doi: 10.1128/9781683670131.ch39.
Nasser A, Moradi M, Jazireian P, Safari H, Alizadeh-Sani M, Pourmand MR, et al. Staphylococcus aureus versus neutrophil: Scrutiny of ancient combat. Microb Pathog. 2019 Jun;131:259–69, doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.04.026.
Hindy JR, Quintero-Martinez JA, Lee AT, Scott CG, Gerberi DJ, Mahmood M, et al. Incidence Trends and Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Studies. Cureus. 2022 May 29, doi: 10.7759/cureus.25460.
Jenul C, Horswill AR. Regulation of Staphylococcus aureus Virulence. Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Braunstein M, Rood JI, editors. Microbiol Spectr. 2019 Apr 12;7(2), doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0031-2018.
Gerken T, Wiegner TN, Economy LM. A comparison of soil Staphylococcus aureus and fecal indicator bacteria concentrations across land uses in a Hawaiian watershed. J Environ Qual. 2022 Sep 14;51(5):916–29, , doi: 10.1002/jeq2.20380.
Denis O. Route of transmission of Staphylococcus aureu s. Lancet Infect Dis [Internet]. 2017 Feb;17(2):124–5, doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30512-6.
Tong SYC, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG. Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015 Jul;28(3):603–61, doi: 10.1128/CMR.00134-14.
Yap CH, Ramle AQ, Lim SK, Rames A, Tay ST, Chin SP, et al. Synthesis and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibitory activity of indolenine-substituted pyrazole and pyrimido[1,2-b]indazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 2023 Nov;95:117485, doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117485.
Guo Y, Song G, Sun M, Wang J, Wang Y. Prevalence and Therapies of Antibiotic-Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Mar 17;10, doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00107.
Arfani N. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus Bacterium in Skin. KBM Indonesia; 2021.
Pollitt EJG, Szkuta PT, Burns N, Foster SJ. Staphylococcus aureus infection dynamics. Prince A, editor. PLOS Pathogen. 2018 Jun 14;14(6):e1007112, doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007112.
Peng Q, Tang X, Dong W, Sun N, Yuan W. A Review of Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Regulation Mechanism. Antibiotics. 2022 Dec 22;12(1):12, doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12010012.
Sabbar SR, Talib AH, Fakhry SS. Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus Sp. Isolated from Air, Surface, Food and Clinical samples Collected from Baghdad Hospital. Baghdad Sci J. 2023 Mar 20, doi: 10.21123/bsj.2023.7598.
Moormeier DE, Bayles KW. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm: a complex developmental organism. Mol Microbiol. 2017 May 8;104(3):365–76, doi: 10.1111/mmi.13634.
Idrees M, Sawant S, Karodia N, Rahman A. Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm: Morphology, Genetics, Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 16;18(14):7602, doi: 10.3390/ijerph18147602.
Kwiecinski JM, Horswill AR. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: pathogenesis and regulatory mechanisms. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2020 Feb;53:51–60, doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.02.005.
Abbas A, Lixhtman A, Pillai S. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 10th ed. Elsevier Ltd; 2021.
Howden BP, Giulieri SG, Wong Fok Lung T, Baines SL, Sharkey LK, Lee JYH, et al. Staphylococcus aureus host interactions and adaptation. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023 Jun 27;21(6):380–95, doi: 10.1038/s41579-023-00852-y.
Kretschmer D, Breitmeyer R, Gekeler C, Lebtig M, Schlatterer K, Nega M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus Depends on Eap Proteins for Preventing Degradation of Its Phenol-Soluble Modulin Toxins by Neutrophil Serine Proteases. Front Immunol. 2021 Sep 6;12, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701093.
Stapels DAC, Ramyar KX, Bischoff M, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Milder FJ, Ruyken M, et al. Staphylococcus aureus secretes a unique class of neutrophil serine protease inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014 Sep 9;111(36):13187–92 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407616111.
Stapels DAC, Kuipers A, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Ruyken M, Tromp AT, Horsburgh MJ, et al. Staphylococcus aureus protects its immune-evasion proteins against degradation by neutrophil serine proteases. Cell Microbiol. 2016 Apr;18(4):536–45, doi: 10.1111/cmi.12528.
Wang M, Fan Z, Han H. Autophagy in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Oct 7;11, doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.750222.
Guerra FE, Borgogna TR, Patel DM, Sward EW, Voyich JM. Epic Immune Battles of History: Neutrophils vs. Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017 Jun 30;7, doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00286.
Wang X, Koffi PF, English OF, Lee JC. Staphylococcus aureus Extracellular Vesicles: A Story of Toxicity and the Stress of 2020. Toxins (Basel). 2021 Jan 20;13(2):75, doi: 10.3390/toxins13020075.
Tam K, Torres VJ. Staphylococcus aureus Secreted Toxins and Extracellular Enzymes. Fischetti VA, Novick RP, Ferretti JJ, Portnoy DA, Braunstein M, Rood JI, editors. Microbiol Spectr. 2019 Apr 12;7(2), doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0039-2018.
Kany S, Vollrath JT, Relja B. Cytokines in Inflammatory Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Nov 28;20(23):6008, doi: 10.3390/ijms20236008.
Chen H, Zhang J, He Y, Lv Z, Liang Z, Chen J, et al. Exploring the Role of Staphylococcus aureus in Inflammatory Diseases. Toxins (Basel). 2022 Jul 6;14(7):464, doi: 10.3390/toxins14070464.
Ge Y, Huang M, Yao Y ming. Biology of Interleukin-17 and Its Pathophysiological Significance in Sepsis. Front Immunol. 2020 Jul 28;11, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01558.
Zenobia C, Hajishengallis G. Basic biology and role of interleukin‐17 in immunity and inflammation. Periodontol 2000. 2015 Oct 7;69(1):142–59, doi: 10.1111/prd.12083.
Luis Muñoz-Carrillo J, Francisco Contreras-Cordero J, Gutiérrez-Coronado O, Trinidad Villalobos-Gutiérrez P, Guillermo Ramos-Gracia L, Elizabeth Hernández-Reyes V. Cytokine Profiling Plays a Crucial Role in Activating Immune System to Clear Infectious Pathogens. In: Immune Response Activation and Immunomodulation. IntechOpen; 2019. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.80843.
Shibue Y, Kimura S, Kajiwara C, Iwakura Y, Yamaguchi K, Tateda K. Role of interleukin-17 in a murine community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia model. Microbes Infect. 2019 Jan;21(1):33–9, doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.06.006.
Cho JS, Pietras EM, Garcia NC, Ramos RI, Farzam DM, Monroe HR, et al. IL-17 is essential for host defense against cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice. J Clin Invest. 2010 May 3;120(5):1762–73, doi: 10.1172/JCI40891.
Marchitto MC, Dillen CA, Liu H, Miller RJ, Archer NK, Ortines R V., et al. Clonal Vγ6 + Vδ4 + T cells promote IL-17–mediated immunity against Staphylococcus aureus skin infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2019 May 28;116(22):10917–26, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1818256116.
Chan LC, Chaili S, Filler SG, Barr K, Wang H, Kupferwasser D, et al. Nonredundant Roles of Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and IL-22 in Murine Host Defense against Cutaneous and Hematogenous Infection Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pirofski L, editor. Infect Immun. 2015 Nov;83(11):4427–37, doi: 10.1128/IAI.01061-15.
Moos S, Regen T, Wanke F, Tian Y, Arendholz LT, Hauptmann J, et al. IL-17 Signaling in Keratinocytes Orchestrates the Defense against Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection. J Invest Dermatol. 2023 Jul;143(7):1257-1267.e10, doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.01.016.
Lecron JC, Charreau S, Jégou JF, Salhi N, Petit-Paris I, Guignouard E, et al. IL-17 and IL-22 are pivotal cytokines to delay wound healing of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa infected skin. Front Immunol. 2022 Oct 7;13, doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984016.
Gaffen SL. An overview of IL-17 function and signaling. Cytokine. 2008 Sep;43(3):402–7, [1] J. Horn, K. Stelzner, T. Rudel, and M. Fraunholz, “Inside job: Staphylococcus aureus host-pathogen interactions,” Int. J. Med. Microbiol., vol. 308, no. 6, pp. 607–624, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.009.