Blood Lead Levels in Women and Sources of Exposure in Drinking Water and Fish in Pemali District Indonesia

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Published: Nov 30, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.20.6.27
Keywords:
Blood lead level, Drinking water, Fish, Lead exposure, Woman

Main Article Content

Novia Luthviatin
Doctoral Program, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, 50275 Semarang, Indonesia; Public Health Faculty, Jember University, 68121 Jember, Indonesia
Onny Setiani
Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, 50275 Semarang, Indonesia
Bagoes Widjarnarko
Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, 50275 Semarang, Indonesia
Mohammad Zen Rahfiludin
Department of Public Health Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, 50275 Semarang, Indonesia

Abstract

Introduction: Lead, a heavy metal originating from the tin industry in Pemali District, has polluted the waters and biota. Lead contamination has been exposed to humans, which will have an impact on women's reproductive health. This research aims to analyse the relationship between the drinking water source and aquatic animal food intake and women's blood lead levels. Materials and methods: This research uses analytical methods with a cross-sectional approach from July to October 2022 and involves a sample total of 91 women aged 30—49 years in Pemali District. Respondents were selected through purposive sampling, with the inclusion criteria being living in the research location area for ≥20 years and being willing to be a respondent. Exclusion criteria were pregnant or breastfeeding respondents and active or passive smokers. The data were analyzed in SPSS version 25 using chi-square and logistic regression tests. Results: The drinking water source and aquatic animals that are most consumed are refilled drinking water depot (60.4%) and mackerel (47.3%). The bivariate test showed a significant association between protected dug wells (p=0.015), gourami (p=0.015), and cork fish (p=0.038) with the respondent’s blood lead levels. Based on the multivariate test, variables influencing blood lead levels were protected dug well (OR=0.24) and gourami (OR=8.699). Conclusion: The blood Pb level measurement results showed that all respondents had blood Pb levels >10 µg/dl. Two variables significantly affect blood Pb levels: protected dug well with a negative direction (B=−1.426) and gourami with a positive direction (B=2.163).

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How to Cite
Luthviatin, N., Setiani, O., Widjarnarko, B., & Rahfiludin, M. Z. (2024). Blood Lead Levels in Women and Sources of Exposure in Drinking Water and Fish in Pemali District Indonesia. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 20(6), 201–207. https://doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.20.6.27
Issue
Vol. 20 No. 6 (2024)
Section
Original Articles
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Europe PMC

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