Effectiveness of Theory Based Intervention Using Social Media to Reduce Urinary Incontinence Among Postpartum Women in Hebron City Hospitals: Randomized Controlled Trial
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a condition which is common and is closely linked to vaginal delivery. Pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) are considered the first line management of UI and regular practice of PFME is a key factor in its effectiveness. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of theory-based intervention using social media to reduce UI among postpartum women. Methods: This is a randomized controlled trial with the final number of recruited participants of 104. The participants were assigned randomly either to control or intervention groups and were followed up at three and six months. The primary outcome of this study was severity of UI. Adherence to exercises was the secondary outcome. Results: After the intervention, at three months and six months follow-up, there were significant differences between the two groups regarding the practice of PFMEs (p≤ 0.05). Friedman’s analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in respect of the exercise adherence rating scale among the intervention group at baseline, at three months and post six months (p≤ 0.05). In the intervention group at baseline the mean (standard deviation, sd) of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form was 3.00 (1.94) whereas at three months it decreased to 1.96 (1.69), which decreased further to 1.04 (0.51) at six months. Conclusion: theory-based education delivered through social media is a feasible and effective way of increasing the practice of PFMEs, and can lead to decrease of severity UI.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Hannestad YS, Rortveit G, Sandvik H, Hunskaar S. A community-based epidemiological survey of female urinary incontinence: The Norwegian EPINCONT Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2000; 53(11):1150–7.
Garcia-Sanchez E, Rubio-Arias JA, Avila-Gandia V, Ramos-Campo DJ, Lopez-Roman J. Effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training in treating urinary incontinence in women: A current review. Actas Urol Esp. 2015; 40(5):271–8.
Sangsawang B, Sangsawang N. Is a 6-week supervised pelvic floor muscle exercise program effective in preventing stress urinary incontinence in late pregnancy in primigravid women?: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016.
Wilson J. Evaluating web-based pelvic floor muscle education for pregnant women. 2015.
Bø K, Owe KM, Nystad W. Which women do pelvic floor muscle exercises six months’ postpartum? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007; 197(1):1–5.
Fitz F, Costa T, Yamamoto D, Resende A, Stüpp L, Sartori, Girão, Castro R. Impact of pelvic floor muscle training on the quality of life in women with urinary incontinence. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira (English Edition). 2012; 58(2), pp.155-159.
Borello D, Burgio K, Goode P, Markland A, Kenton K, Balasubramanyam A, Stoddard A. Urinary Incontinence Treatment Network. Adherence to behavioral interventions for urge incontinence when combined with drug therapy: adherence rates, barriers, and predictors. Physical therapy. 2010; 90(10), pp.1493-1505.
Sjöström M, Lindholm L, Samuelsson E. Mobile app for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Journal of medical Internet research.2017; 19(5), p.e154.
Champion L. Instrument development for health belief model constructs. Advances in Nursing Science 1984.
Sjöström M, Umefjord G, Stenlund H, Carlbring P, Andersson G, Samuelsson E. Internet-based treatment of stress urinary incontinence : 1- and 2-year results of a randomized controlled trial with a focus on pelvic floor muscle training. 2015; 955–64.
Poushter J. Smartphone Ownership and Internet Usage Continues to Climb in Emerging Economies. 2016.
Ajzen I, Sheikh S. Action versus inaction: Anticipated affect in the theory of planned behavior. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2013; 43(1):155–62.
Bloss C, Wineinger N, Peters M, Boeldt D, Ariniello L, Kim J. A prospective randomized trial examining health care utilization in individuals using multiple smartphone-enabled biosensors. 2016; 1–16.
Chao S, Roberts J, Marteau T, Silliman R, Cupples L, Green R. Health behavior changes after genetic risk assessment for Alzheimer disease: The REVEAL Study. Alzheimer disease and associated disorders. 2008; 22(1):94.
Rosenstock M, Strecher V, Becker M. The health belief model and HIV risk behavior change. In Preventing AIDS. Springer, Boston, MA. 1994; 5-24.
Avery K, Donovan J, Peters TJ, Shaw C, Gotoh M, Abrams P. ICIQ: a brief and robust measure for evaluating the symptoms and impact of urinary incontinence. Neurourology and Urodynamics: Official Journal of the International Continence Society. 2004;23(4):322-30
Newman-Beinart NA, Norton S, Dowling D, Gavriloff D, Vari C, Weinman JA, Godfrey EL. The development and initial psychometric evaluation of a measure assessing adherence to prescribed exercise: the Exercise Adherence Rating Scale (EARS). Physiotherapy. 2017; 103(2):180-5.
Rutterford C, Copas A, Eldridge S. Methods for sample size determination in cluster randomized trials. International journal of epidemiology. 2015; 44(3):1051-67.
Rosenberger, William F., John M. Lachin. Randomization in Clinical Trials: Theory and Practice, Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. 2017; 73(3): 1054-1055.
Hall B, Woodward S. Pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence postpartum. British Journal of Nursing. 2015 Jun 11; 24(11):576-9.
Klovning A, Avery K, Sandvik H, Hunskaar S. Comparison of two questionnaires for assessing the severity of urinary incontinence: The ICIQ‐UI SF versus the incontinence severity index. Neurourology and Urodynamics: Official Journal of the International Continence Society 2009; 411-415.
Resnick B, Luisi D, Vogel A, Junaleepa P. Reliability and validity of the self-efficacy for exercise and outcome expectations for exercise scales with minority older adults. Journal of Nursing Measurement. 2004; 12(3):235-48.
Latorre G, F., de Fraga, R., Seleme, M. R., Mueller, C. V., & Berghmans, B. (2019). An ideal e-health system for pelvic floor muscle training adherence: Systematic review. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 38(1), 63-80.
Kinouchi K, & Ohashi K. Smartphone-based reminder system to promote pelvic floor muscle training for the management of postnatal urinary incontinence: historical control study with propensity score-matched analysis. PeerJ.2018; 6, e4372.
Lindh, A, Sjöström M, Stenlund H, Samuelsson E. Non-face-to-face treatment of stress urinary incontinence: predictors of success after 1 year. International urogynecology journal. 2016; 27(12), 1857-1865
Hoffman V, Söderström L, Samuelsson E. Self‐management of stress urinary incontinence via a mobile app: two-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2017; 96(10), 1180-1187.
Asklund I, Stenlund, H, Nyström E, Sjöström M, Umefjord G. Mobile app for treatment of stress urinary incontinence : A randomized controlled trial. 2017; 36(5), 1369-1376.
Chiarelli P, Cockburn J. Postpartum perineal management and best practice. Australian College of Midwives Incorporated Journal. 1999; 12(1), 14-18.
Dumoulin C, Bourbonnais D, Morin M, Gravel D, Lemieux MC. Predictors of success for physiotherapy treatment in women with persistent postpartum stress urinary incontinence. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2010; 91(7), 1059-1063.
Prasad, T. S., Subahani, J., & Amirtha, B. (2019). Assessment of efficacy of home available reminders to aid in the adherence and effectiveness of home-based pelvic floor muscle training in the management of stress urinary incontinence. IAIM., 6(9), 7-12.
Burton, C. S., Gonzalez, G., Vaculik, K., Khalil, C., Zektser, Y., Arnold, C., ... & Anger, J. T. (2020). Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptom Prevention and Treatment Strategies on Social Media: Mixed Correlation With Evidence. Urology.