Work-related Road Traffic Crashes in Malaysia: A Comparison between Fatal and Temporary Injury Cases
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Work-related road traffic crashes have significant implications for both employers and employees, leading to devastating consequences such as fatalities, injuries, and property damage. Despite the increasing focus on road safety research, little attention has been given to identifying factors associated with work-related road crashes. This paper explores and compares the characteristics of fatal cases (FOT) with the characteristics of temporary injury cases (HUS) in work-related road traffic crashes. Materials and methods: Seven years of work-related road crash claim compensation data between 2014 and 2020 was obtained from the Social Security Organization (SOCSO). A total of 546 cases were involved, including 56 FOT and 490 HUS cases. Categorical data analysis techniques were employed to examine the distinctions between FOT and HUS cases. Results: The results indicate a lower representation of transportation sectors in FOT cases, with the corresponding odds approximately 84% lower. Conversely, small and middle enterprises exhibit an odds ratio of about 5.1 times higher in FOT compared to HUS cases. Conclusion: The findings from this study can serve as proactive measures for employers in addressing work-related road traffic crashes. This includes enhancing road safety awareness programs specifically focusing on groups engaged in nighttime shifts and those involved in sending and pickup duties. Considering the distinct risk profiles of large enterprises versus small and medium enterprises, future studies are necessary to clarify the effectiveness of the road safety initiatives undertaken by both types of enterprises.
Downloads
Article Details
References
WHO. Road traffic injuries [Internet]. WHO. 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 12]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries
Royal Malaysian Police. Laporan Perangkaan Kemalangan Jalan Raya Malaysia 2021. Kuala Lumpur; 2021.
European Commission. Work-related traffic injury [Internet]. European Commission. 2023. Available from: https://road-safety.transport.ec.europa.eu/statistics-and-analysis/statistics-and-analysis-archive/work-related-crashes/work-related-traffic-injury_en
Safe Work Australia. Work-related fatalities in 2020 report released [Internet]. Safe Work Australia. 2021 [cited 2023 Aug 12]. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/media-centre/news/work-related-fatalities-2020-report-released#:~:text=Tragically%2C 194 people were fatally,postal and warehousing (49 fatalities)
Hess AJ. 13 U.S. workers die on the job per day, on average—and these are the most dangerous jobs [Internet]. CNBC Make It. 2021 [cited 2023 Aug 12]. Available from: https://www.cnbc.com/2021/12/29/bls-estimates-that-13-us-workers-die-on-the-job-per-day-on-average.html
Road Safety at Work. Do your employee drive to work, even occasionally? [Internet]. . 2023. Available from: https://roadsafetyatwork.ca/
Gariazzo C, Marinaccio A, Bruzzone S, Taiano L, Veronico L. Work-related road accidents: a statistical multivariate analysis in Italy. this issue Riv di Stat Uff. 2021;(3).
Social Security Organization. Laporan Tahunan 2019. Kuala Lumpur; 2020.
Oxley J, Yuen J, Ravi MD, Hoareau E, Mohammed MAA, Bakar H, et al. Commuter motorcycle crashes in Malaysia: An understanding of contributing factors. Ann Adv Automot Med. 2013;57:45.
Social Security Organization. 2022 Annual Report. Kuala Lumpur; 2022.
Mitchell R, Friswell R, Mooren L. Development of a practical safety audit tool to assess fleet safety management practices. 2011;
Warmerdam A, Newnam S, Sheppard D, Griffin M, Stevenson M. Workplace road safety risk management: An investigation into Australian practices. Accid Anal Prev. 2017;98:64–73.
Wishart D, Rowland B, Freeman J, Davey J. Driving for work: a series of organisational audit results. In: Proceedings of the ACRS National Conference 2011. Australasian College of Road Safety; 2011. p. 1–12.
Boufous S, Williamson A. Factors affecting the severity of work related traffic crashes in drivers receiving a worker’s compensation claim. Accid Anal Prev. 2009;41(3):467–73.
Hu L, Bao X, Wu H, Wu W. A study on correlation of traffic accident tendency with driver characters using in-depth traffic accident data. J Adv Transp. 2020;2020:1–7.
Rey-Merchán MDC, López-Arquillos A. Organizational and personal factors in occupational traffic injuries at work in Spain. Traffic Inj Prev. 2021;22(7):519–23.
Souto CC, Reis FKW, Bertolini RPT, Lins RS de MA, Souza SLB de. Profile of work-related road traffic accident victims recorded by sentinel health units in Pernambuco, Brazil, 2012-2014. Epidemiol e Serviços Saúde. 2016;25:351–61.
Zuwairy MS, Harith AA, Nobuyaki H, Naim NM, Yon R. Road Traffic Accidents: A Descriptive Study of Commuting Injury among Healthcare Workers in Malaysia 2014-2016. Int J Public Heal Clin Sci. 2020;7(1):58–71.
French MT, Gumus G. Death on the job: The Great Recession and work-related traffic fatalities. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2021;280:113979. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953621003117
Rudisill TM, Menon S, Hendricks B, Zhu M, Smith GS. Differences between occupational and non-occupational-related motor vehicle collisions in West Virginia: A cross-sectional and spatial analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(12):e0227388.
Robb G, Sultana S, Ameratunga S, Jackson R. A systematic review of epidemiological studies investigating risk factors for work-related road traffic crashes and injuries. Inj Prev. 2008;14(1):51–8.
Yaacob SS, Ismail KI, Shaarial SZM, Noor NM, Selvaraju R, Ab Ghani H. Commuting Accidents among Health Care Workers Working in Malaysia Government Hospitals. KnE Life Sci. 2018;79–87.
Shin DS, Park MH, Jeong BY. Human factors and severity of injury of delivery truck crashes registered for work-related injuries in South Korea. Ind Eng Manag Syst. 2018;17(2):302–10.
Yu R, Xiong Y, Abdel-Aty M. A correlated random parameter approach to investigate the effects of weather conditions on crash risk for a mountainous freeway. Transp Res part C Emerg Technol. 2015;50:68–77.
Hammad HM, Ashraf M, Abbas F, Bakhat HF, Qaisrani SA, Mubeen M, et al. Environmental factors affecting the frequency of road traffic accidents: a case study of sub-urban area of Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2019;26:11674–85.
Liu X, Cao Q, Wang H, Chen J, Huang X. Evaluation of vehicle braking performance on wet pavement surface using an integrated tire-vehicle modeling approach. Transp Res Rec. 2019;2673(3):295–307.
Chen L, Huang S, Yang C, Chen Q. Analyzing factors that influence expressway traffic crashes based on association rules: Using the Shaoyang–Xinhuang section of the Shanghai–Kunming expressway as an example. J Transp Eng Part A Syst. 2020;146(9):5020007.
Roy U, Farid A, Ksaibati K. Effects of Pavement Friction and Geometry on Traffic Crash Frequencies: A Case Study in Wyoming. Int J Pavement Res Technol [Internet]. 2022; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-022-00208-4
Budzyński M, Tubis A. Assessing The Effects of The Road Surface And Weather Conditions On Road Safety. J KONBiN. 2019;49:323–49.
Alrejjal A, Farid A, Ksaibati K. A correlated random parameters approach to investigate large truck rollover crashes on mountainous interstates. Accid Anal Prev. 2021;159:106233.
Mitchell R, Driscoll T, Healey S. Work-related road fatalities in Australia. Accid Anal Prev [Internet]. 2004;36(5):851–60. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457503001246
Tian T, Lin X, Huang T, Zhang K, Shi C, Wang P, et al. The risk of injuries during work and its association with precipitation: New insight from a sentinel-based surveillance and a case-crossover design [Internet]. Vol. 11, Frontiers in Public Health . 2023. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1117948
Clarke DD, Ward P, Bartle C, Truman W. Work-related road traffic collisions in the UK. Accid Anal Prev. 2009;41(2):345–51.
Central Bank of Malaysia. Claims Guide for Motor Accidents [Internet]. Central Bank of Malaysia. 2022. Available from: https:// www.etiqa. com.my/ sites/Satellite?blobcol= urldata& blobkey =id&blobtable =MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1466380 878260&ssbinary=true
Sultana S, Robb G, Ameratunga S, Jackson RT. Non-fatal work-related motor vehicle traffic crash injuries in New Zealand: analysis of a national claims database. New Zeal Med J. 2007;120(1267).
Radzuan NQ, Hassan MHA, Abu Kassim KA, Ab. Rashid AA, Mohd Razelan IS, Othman NA. The Association of Socio-demographic Characteristics Towards Driver Behaviour and Traffic Fatality in Selangor, Malaysia. In: Human-Centered Technology for a Better Tomorrow: Proceedings of HUMENS 2021. Springer; 2022. p. 395–405.
DOSM. Media Statement for the Report of Demographic Statistics Malaysia, First Quarter 2023 [Internet]. Department of Statistics Malaysia. 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 28]. p. 3. Available from: https://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/release-content/file_20230511125115.pdf
Rusli R, Mohammad MZ, Kamaluddin NA, Bakar H, Isa MHM. A comparison of characteristics between food delivery riders with and without traffic crash experience during delivery in Malaysia. Case Stud Transp policy. 2022;10(4):2244–50.
Byun JH, Park MH, Jeong BY. Effects of age and violations on occupational accidents among motorcyclists performing food delivery. Work. 2020;65(1):53–61.
Zheng Z, Lu P, Lantz B. Commercial truck crash injury severity analysis using gradient boosting data mining model. J Safety Res [Internet]. 2018;65:115–24. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437517306126
Chen M, Zhou L, Choo S, Lee H. Analysis of risk factors affecting urban truck traffic accident severity in Korea. Sustainability. 2022;14(5):2901.
Rifaat SM, Chin HC. Accident severity analysis using ordered probit model. J Adv Transp. 2007;41(1):91–114.
Williamson A, Boufous S. A data-matching study of the role of fatigue in work-related crashes. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav [Internet]. 2007;10(3):242–53. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369847806000945
Underwood RT. Speed, volume, and density relationships. 1960;
Manan M. Factors Associated with Motorcylists’ Safety at Access Points along Primary Roads in Malaysia. Lund University; 2014.
Casado-Sanz N, Guirao B, Attard M. Analysis of the risk factors affecting the severity of traffic accidents on Spanish crosstown roads: The driver’s perspective. Sustainability. 2020;12(6):2237.
Cabrera-Arnau C, Prieto Curiel R, Bishop SR. Uncovering the behaviour of road accidents in urban areas. R Soc open Sci. 2020;7(4):191739.
PDRM. Laporan Perangkaan Kemalangan Jalan Raya Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur; 2021.
Liu C, Ye TJ. Run-off-road crashes: An on-scene perspective. 2011.
Christie N, Ward H. The health and safety risks for people who drive for work in the gig economy. J Transp Heal. 2019;13:115–27.