Validation of a Questionnaire for 18-45 Years of Females to Assess Social Media Usage, Knowledge, and Risk Perception Towards HPV Vaccination Acceptance in China
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Social media usage, knowledge, and risk perception factors may play pivotal roles in shaping HPV vaccination acceptance. However, limited research has systematically evaluated the validation of questionnaire on these factors. Objective: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of a questionnaire designed to measure the impact of social media use, knowledge, and risk perception towards HPV vaccination acceptance in China. Materials and methods: To ensure rigorous validity and reliability analysis, the questionnaire underwent assessment using the Face Validity, Content Validity Index (CVI), Content Validity Ratio (CVR), and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient to evaluate validity and reliability as well as mitigate potential misinterpretation of results. Results: The final version of questionnaire comprised 78 items across five sections and underwent a rigorous evaluation to ensure both validity and reliability. The CVI, and CVR indicating that all items meet the minimum standards for content validity. Furthermore, in comparison to the initial version of the questionnaire, the Cronbach's Alpha values for each domain in the final version have shown improvement: HPV-related social media usage behavior [Cronbach's Alpha: 0.851 (item numbers: 10)], HPV knowledge [0.818 (25)], risk perception [0.888 (17)], and HPV vaccine acceptance [0.772 (7)]. These values surpass the minimum requirements of the inclusion criteria, signifying enhanced reliability of the revised questionnaire. Conclusion: The final version of questionnaire exhibited robust validity and reliability. This validated questionnaire serves as a valuable tool for future research endeavors, emphasizing the significance of meticulous instrument development and validation in yielding high-quality research outcomes in the domain of HPV-related factors.
Downloads
Article Details
References
WHO (2024). Cervical cancer. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer
National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. (2023, January 5). Action Plan for Accelerating the Elimination of Cervical Cancer (2023-2030). https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2023-01/21/content_5738364.htm
Zhang F, Li M, Li X, Bai H, Gao J, Liu H. Knowledge of cervical cancer prevention and treatment, and willingness to receive HPV vaccination among college students in China. BMC Public Health. 2022 Dec 5;22(1):2269. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14718-0. PMID: 36471351; PMCID: PMC9721084.
Ji L, Chen M, Yao L. Strategies to eliminate cervical cancer in China. Front Oncol. 2023 Jun 2;13:1105468. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1105468. PMID: 37333817; PMCID: PMC10273099.
Wu, D., Liu, P., Song, D. et al. Implementing the free HPV vaccination for adolescent girls aged below 14 in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province of China: experience, challenges, and lessons. Infect Dis Poverty 12, 98 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-023-01149-1
WHO (2023). WHO Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative: From Call To Action To Global Movement. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/cervical-cancer/230519-ccei-brochure.pdf
Lv, H., Wang, S., Liang, Z., Yu, W., Yan, C., Chen, Y., Hu, X., Fu, R., Zheng, M., Group, T., Luxembourg, A., Liao, X., & Chen, Z. (2022). Immunogenicity and safety of the 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine in Chinese females 9–45 years of age: A phase 3 open-label study. Vaccine, 40(23), 3263–3271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.061
Liu, Y., Li, Z., Yuan, L., Liu, F., Wu, K., Xiao, X., & Zhu, C. (2023). Human papillomavirus genotypic characteristics of 60,685 subjects under age-expansion vaccination of the nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 16(7), 989–995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.04.018
Kim, H. W., Lee, E. J., Lee, Y. J., Kim, S. Y., Jin, Y. J., Kim, Y., & Lee, J. L. (2022). Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions associated with HPV vaccination among female Korean and Chinese university students. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01624-1.
Lama, Y., Quinn, S. C., Nan, X., & Cruz-Cano, R. (2021). Social media use and human papillomavirus awareness and knowledge among adults with children in the household: examining the role of race, ethnicity, and gender. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(4), 1014–1024. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1824498.
Dapari, R., Li, M., Chen, X. J., Cui, J., Ahmad Zamzuri, M. ‘Ammar I., Hassan, M. R., Che Dom, N., & Syed Abdul Rahim, S. S. (2024). Factors influencing HPV vaccine acceptance among females in mainland China: A systematic review. In Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health (Vol. 26). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2024.101514.
Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019c). ABC of Response Process Validation and Face Validity Index Calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(3), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2019.11.3.6.
Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019a). ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6.
Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019b). ABC of Content Validation and Content Validity Index Calculation. Education in Medicine Journal, 11(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6.
Reynolds, N., Diamantopoulos, A., & Schlegelmilch, B. (n.d.). Pre-Testing in Questionnaire Design: A Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Further Research INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS PRETESTING. In International Journal of Market Research.
Cortina, J. M. (1993). What Is Coefficient Alpha? An Examination of Theory and Applications. In Journal of Applied Psychology (Vol. 78, Issue 1).
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach’s alpha. BMJ, 314(7080), 572–572. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.314.7080.572.
Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the beginning: An introduction to coefficient alpha and internal consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_18.
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. In International journal of medical education (Vol. 2, pp. 53–55). https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd.
Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. V. (2007). Focus on research methods: Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in Nursing and Health, 30(4), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199.
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A Quantitative Approach to Content Validity. (Vol. 28).
Hamed Taherdoost, A., & Lumpur, K. (2016). Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument; How to test the Validation of a Questionnaire/Survey in a Research. In International Journal of Academic Research in Management (IJARM) (Vol. 5, Issue 3). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3205040