Composition of Heavy Metals in Indoor Dust and Their Possible Exposure: A Case Study in Laboratories of Faculty Applied Sciences UiTM Shah Alam
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Abstract
Given the growing concern over metal pollution in interior dust, this study aims to advance knowledge of the heavy metal composition and potential causes of indoor dust pollution. Materials and methods: Indoor dust samples were collected from three laboratories in the Faculty of Applied Sciences University Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam. The laboratory included the Food Chemicals Analysis Laboratory, Emission Control and Air Analysis Laboratory, and Textile Chemistry Laboratory, which were chosen based on stratified random sampling. The analysis of the dust samples' compositions for lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) was carried out using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results: The heavy metals were present in the following order of concentrations: Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb. This study also discovers how to calculate the Index of geo-accumulation (Igeo). The vast majority of Zn and Ni Igeo values fall within the "very highly polluted" category with the highest Igeo class, 13.2584 and 7.355, respectively, exceeding background levels above 5. In addition, this study identified the possible sources of heavy metals in laboratory dust and found two primary sources of heavy metal contamination in the laboratory dust. Pb, Cr, and Ni pose as Cluster 1, which comes from anthropogenic sources such as laboratory-related activities, while Zn, as Cluster 2, originates from natural sources. Conclusion: To ensure the safety of laboratory occupants, future research monitoring assessments of indoor dust should be considered.
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