The Prevalence of Burnout and Its Predictors among Pharmacists Working in Government Hospitals in Selangor
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: To determine the prevalence and predictors of burnout (personal, work-related and client-related) among pharmacists in government hospitals in Selangor. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conduct- ed among 376 pharmacists working in five government hospitals in Selangor. The data was collected via email using Google form containing self-administered questionnaires. Frequency and percentage of variables were obtained us- ing descriptive statistics. Chi square was utilized to identify the relationship between factors. The significant predic- tors were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Prevalence of burnout among pharmacist was reported as 52.9% (Personal), 66.0% (Work-related) and 47.1% (Client-related). The significant predictors of personal burnout were gender (AOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.29 to 3.89), working hours per week (AOR 2.92, 95% CI 1.60 to 5.32), job satisfaction (AOR 13.00, 95% CI 3.37 to 50.16) and depression (AOR 3.33, 95% CI 1.98 to 5.61). The significant predictors of work-related burnout for male was from work stress (AOR 9.10, 95% CI 3.12 to 26.60) and anxiety (AOR 5.91, 95% CI 2.03 to 17.25) while for female was from anxiety (AOR 5.91, 95% CI 2.86 to 12.23) and self-esteem (AOR 5.88, 95% CI 1.68 to 20.56). For client-related burnout, working hours per week (AOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.39 to 4.28), job satisfaction (AOR 3.91, 95 % CI 1.49 to 10.27) and anxiety (AOR 2.61, 95% CI 1.57 to 4.32) were the significant predictors. Conclusion: Burnout among pharmacists is crucial to be brought to highlight and it is necessary to perform appropriate interventions for managing the burnout.
Downloads
Article Details
References
WHO. Burn-out. World Health Organization (WHO). 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/burn-out/en/
Kristensen TS, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress 2005;19(3):192-207. DOI:10.1080/02678370500297720
Iglesias ME, Vallejo RB, Fuentes PS. Reflections on the burnout syndrome and its impact on health care providers. Ann Afr Med. 2010;9(4):197-8.
Laschinger HKS, Leiter M, Day A, Gilin D. Workplace empowerment, incivility, and burnout: impact on staff nurse recruitment and retention outcomes. J Nurs Manag. 2009;17(3):302-11.
Rothmann S, Malan M. Work-related well-being of South African hospital pharmacists. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 2011;37(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i1.895
Balayssac D, Pereira B, Virot J, Collin A, Alapini D, Cuny D, Vennat B. Work-related stress, associated comorbidities and stress causes in French community pharmacies: a nationwide cross- sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(8):e0182956. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182956
Bhagavathula AS, Abegaz TM, Belachew SA, Gebreyohannes EA, Gebresillassie BM, Chattu VK. Prevalence of burnout syndrome among health-care professionals working at Gondar University Hospital, Ethiopia. J Edu Health Promot. 2018;7:145.
Jovanović V, Krajnović D, Marinković V. Predictors of Burnout Syndrome among Professionals in the Pharmaceutical Industry in the Republic of Serbia. 2018;52(2):311–320. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.52.2.36
Roslan NS, Yusoff MSB, Asrenee AR, & Morgan
K. Burnout Prevalence and Its Associated Factors among Malaysian Healthcare Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic: An Embedded Mixed- Method Study. Healthcare. 2021;9,90. http://doi. org/10.3390/healthcare 9010090
FIP. Pharmacy practice and the FIP sections. International Pharmaceutical Federation. (2020). Retrieved from: https://www.fip.org/pharmacy-practice
Protano C, Sio SDe, Cammalleri V, Pocino RN, Murano S, Perri R., et al. A Cross-Sectional Study on Prevalence and Predictors of Burnout among a Sample of Pharmacists Employed in Pharmacies in Central Italy. BioMed Research International. 2019; 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8590430
Calgan, Z, Aslan D, Yegenoglu, S. Community pharmacists’ burnout levels and related factors: an example from Turkey. Int J Clin Pharm. 2011;33:92–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9461-2
Leone SS, Huibers MJH, Knottnerus JA, Kant IJ. Similarities, overlap and differences between burnout and prolonged fatigue in the working population. Q J Med. 2007;100(10):617–27.
Hagemann TM, Reed BN, Bradley BA, Clements JN, Cohen LJ, Coon SA, et al. Burnout among clinical pharmacists: Causes, interventions, and a call to action. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2020;3;832- 842.
Hall LH, Johnson J, Watt I, Tsipa A, O’Connor DB. Healthcare Staff Wellbeing, Burnout, and Patient Safety: A Systematic Review. PloS One. 2016;11(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159015.
Bridgeman PJ, Bridgeman MB & Barone J. Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2018;75(3):147–152. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp170460
Pharmacy Program Statistics Report. 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.pharmacy.gov.my/v2/en/documents/annual-report-and-statistics-pharmaceutical-services-programme.html
Annual Report Ministry of Health Malaysia. 2016. Retrieved from: https://myhdw.moh.gov.my/public/pub/document_library_display/DX4oAsEYWbrF/view/150089
Dugani S, Afari H, Hirschhorn LR, Ratcliffe H, Veillard J, Martin G. et al. Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among frontline primary health care providers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Gates Open Res. 2018;11;2:4. doi: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12779.3.
Lemeshow S, Hosmer DW, Klar J, & Lwanga SK. Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies. John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 1990.
Creedy DK, Sidebotham M, Gamble J, Pallant J, & Fenwick J. Prevalence of burnout, depression, anxiety and stress in Australian midwives: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2017;1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-1212-5
Spector P. Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the job satisfaction survey. American Journal of Community Psychology. 1985;13(6):693-713.
Arbae MNA, Othman NAM, Mahamad NF, Bakri SFZ. Study of Perceived Stress among Academicians in Higher Institutional Malaysia. Journal of Safety, Health and Ergonomics. 2019;1(1):1-3.
Edwards JA, Webster S, Van Laar D, Easton S. Psychometric analysis of the UK Health and Safety Executive’s Management Standards and work related stress Indicator Tool. Work & Stress. Journal of Work, Health & Organisations. 2008;22:96– 107.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Monahan PO, Löwe B. Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care: Prevalence, Impairment, Comorbidity and Detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:317- 325.https://doi.org/10.7326/003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL. The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatric Annals. 2002;32:509-521.
Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self- image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1965. Available from: https://www.academia. edu/19813736/Rosenberg_M_Society_and_the_ adolescent_self_image_Princeton_NJ_Princeton_ University_Press_ 1965_326_p
Bhattachajee A, Kundu A, Mukherjee I. Role of Job Satisfaction in Managing Sexual Satisfaction, Self Esteem and Mental Health at Work Place. International Journal of Indian Psychology. 2016;3(4):67.
Kang K, Absher R, Granko RP. Evaluation of burnout among hospital and health-system pharmacists in North Carolina. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2020;77(6):441–448. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/ zxz339
Jones GM, Roe NA, Louden L, Tubbs CR. Factors Associated With Burnout Among US Hospital Clinical Pharmacy Practitioners: Results of a Nationwide Pilot Survey. Hosp Pharm. 2017;52(11):742–751. https://doi. org/10.1177/0018578717732339
Durham ME, Bush PW, Ball AM. Evidence of burnout in health-system pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(23 Supplement 4):S93-S100. doi: 10.2146/ajhp170818
Johnston K, Reilly CLO, Scholz B, Georgousopoulou EN, & Mitchell I. Burnout and the challenges facing pharmacists during COVID-19: results of a national survey. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 2021;43(3), 716–725. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11096-021-01268-5
Tan BYQ, Kanneganti A, Lim LJH, Tan M., Chua YX. Burnout and Associated Factors Among Health Care Workers in Singapore During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of The American Medical Directors Association. 2020;21(12):1751-1758.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jamda.2020.09.03
Knezević T, Katić I, Ivanisević A. Impact of management styles on the occurrence of work stress managers. Business Economics. 2009;2:332.
Alharbi AS, Alkharif RM. Prevalence of burnout among hospital pharmacists at National Guard Hospital in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. Int. Res. J. Public Environ. Health. 2020;7(1): 14–20.
Iorga, M., Dondas, C., Sztankovszky, L., Antofie,
I. (2018). Burnout Syndrome among Hospital Pharmacists in Romania. Farmacia, 66(1):66.
Jocic DD, Krajnovic DM. State Anxiety, Stress and Burnout Syndrome Among Community Pharmacists: Relation With Pharmacists’ Attitudes and Beliefs. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research. 2014;48(2). https://doi. org/10.5530/ijper.48.2.3
Eslami A, Kouti L, Javadi MR, Assarian M, Eslami K. An Investigation of Job Stress and Job Burnout in Iranian Clinical Pharmacist. J Pharm Care. 2015;3(1-2):21-25.
Oliveira AM, Silva MT, Galvão TF, Lopes LC. The relationship between job satisfaction, burnout syndrome and depressive symptoms: An analysis of professionals in a teaching hospital in Brazil. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(49):e13364. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013364.
Piko BF. Burnout, role conflict, job satisfaction and psychosocial health among Hungarian healthcare staff: a questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2006;43(3):311–8.
Teles MAB, Barbosa MR, Vargas AMD. Psychosocial work conditions and quality of life among primary health care employees: a cross sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12:72–172.
Manan MM, Azmi Y, Lim Z, Neoh CF, Khan TM. Predictors of job satisfaction amongst pharmacists in Malaysian public hospitals and healthcare clinics. J Pharm Pract Res. 2015;45:404–411. doi: 10.1002/jppr.1094.
Boran A, Shawaheen M, Khader YS, Amarin Z. Work-related stress among health professionals in northern Jordan. Occup Med. 2010;62(2):145–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqr180
Salanova M, Llorens S. Current state of research on burnout and future challenges. Pap Psicol. 2008;29(1):59–67.
Grover S, Sahoo S, Bhalla A, Avasthi A. Psychological problems and burnout among medical professionals of a tertiary care hospital of North India: cross sectional study. Indian J psychiatry. 2018;60(2):175-188.
van Dam A. Subgroup Analysis in Burnout: Relations Between Fatigue, Anxiety, and Depression. Front Psychol. 2016;7:90. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00090
Bonde JPE. Psychosocial factors at work and risk of depression: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65:438–45.
Molero Jurado MDM, Pérez-Fuentes MDC, Gázquez Linares JJ, Barragán Martín AB. Burnout in Health Professionals According to Their Self- Esteem, Social Support and Empathy Profile. Front Psychol. 2018;20;9:424. doi: 10.3389/
fpsyg.2018.00424.
Johnson AR, Jayappa R, James M, Kulnu A, Kovayil R, Joseph B. Do Low Self-Esteem and High Stress Lead to Burnout Among Health- Care Workers ? Evidence From a Tertiary Hospital in Bangalore, India. Safety and Health at Work. 2020;11(3):347–
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2020.05.009
Kacenelenbogen N, Offermans AM, Roland M. Burnout of general practitioners in Belgium: societal consequences and paths to solutions. Rev Med Brux. 2011;32(4): 413- 23.