A Review of Haptoglobin Genotypes and Their Association With Diseases
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Abstract
Haptoglobin (Hp) is a protein present in the blood plasma. It is released by the liver and binds to haemoglobin (Hb). It functions principally to eliminate or minimize freely circulating Hb, thereby preventing adverse effects such as kidney toxicity, among other issues. Three main polymorphisms of Hp (Hp1-1, Hp2-1, and Hp2-2) are known and have been independently, or in combination, associated with several diseases, including liver disease, diabetes, obesity, sickle cell disease and parasitic infections. Given its involvement in multiple illnesses, there is a growing interest in Hp as a potential disease biomarker. Understanding an individual's Hp phenotype and genotype may predict disease risk and progression and help customize treatment and avoid disease. This article therefore aims to review and analyse existing studies on haptoglobin genotyping in relation to various diseases and to investigate the role of haptoglobin polymorphisms in the development, progression, and outcomes of the diseases.
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