Cytokines Expression in Pregnant Women With Primary and Non-primary Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
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Abstract
Introduction: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in pregnancy is the commonest cause of congenital infection world- wide. Primary CMV infection in pregnancy carries a higher risk of fetal transmission compared to non-primary infec- tion. This study aims to determine the cytokines expression in pregnant women with primary and non-primary CMV infections in both types of infection. Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Microbiology Labora- tory, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) from January 2019 until June 2020. Seventy-four pregnant women with abnor- mal pregnancy outcomes with positive CMV IgG with or without IgM by electrochemiluminescence assay (ECLIA) were subjected to IgG avidity assay by ECLIA method to discriminate primary and non-primary CMV infection. Later, the sera were subjected to magnetic Luminex multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for cytokine analysis to determine their concentrations in both primary and non-primary CMV infection. Cytokines and chemokines test- ed were IL-12, IL-2, IFN- γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN- γ, TNF-α, MCP-1 (CCL-2), and IP-10 (CXCL-10). Results: Concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 (CCL-2) were significantly elevated in pregnant women with primary CMV infection with the p-values of (0.001, 0.035, and 0.002) respectively. The intensity of IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-2 were higher in primary CMV infection with the p-values of (0.018, 0.004, and 0.007). Conclusion: The pro-inflammatory cytokines were expressed significantly in pregnant women with primary CMV infection together with MCP-1 (CCL-2), showing predominant Th1 response. The low level of cytokines in non-primary CMV infection might be due to the latent state of CMV in a host.
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