Validation of Indonesian Version of the Pregnancy-related Empowerment Scale Questionnaire: A Cross-cultural Adaptation Study
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Abstract
Women’s empowerment promotes better health decision-making ability and seeking health services during pregnancy and childbirth, including seeking skilled birth attendants and birthing facilities. Nonetheless, adequate instruments to evaluate women’s empowerment related to pregnancy in the Indonesian version are currently lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to cross-culturally adapt the Pregnancy-Related Empowerment Scale (PRES) to the Indonesian version and test its validity and reliability. Materials and methods: The original English version of the PRES which consists of four domains with 16 items underwent a translation into the Indonesian language via a forward and backward translation process conducted by qualified and certified translators, with the outcomes reviewed by an expert committee. Ten experts conducted content validation. Content validity was achieved using the Davis technique. Furthermore, a pilot project for the scale reliability test was conducted on 30 pregnant women using Cronbach Alpha analysis. Results: The Indonesian version of the questionnaire showed satisfactory content evidence which overall validity index achieved acceptable value of more than 0.80. The scale-level content validity index with average method (S-CVI/Ave) and universal agreement index (S-CVI/UA) showed 0.99 and 0.88 respectively, indicating that the items of the Indonesian version of PRES are relevant and comprehensible. The questionnaire also showed high internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.94, which indicates that all items are reliable. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of the PRES is a valid and reliable instrument to measure women’s empowerment during pregnancy. This study recommends for future research on construct validity and test-retest reliability of the instrument.
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