The Effect of E-cigarette on the Role of Genetics Changes and Epigenetics Alterations: A Systematic Review of Recent Studies
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Abstract
Introduction: With the rapid increasing prevalence of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, its impact on human health particularly genetic and epigenetic modifications remains a public health concern. This study aims to examines the evidence on genetic and epigenetic changes associated with e-cigarette use. Materials and methods: This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024603820). Databases including ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and ProQuest were used for literature search by using keywords related to e-cigarettes, genetics, and epigenetics. Articles published since 2014 and in English, with human participants reporting e-cigarette use, were included. Studies that solely focused on traditional cigarettes, animal models, microbial, in vitro, or non-research articles were excluded. A total of 1,475 records were initially identified, 19 of which met the inclusion criteria after screening. Results: Nineteen studies, predominantly comparative observational studies, were included, encompassing over 22,779 participants from multiple countries, including the United Kingdom, the USA, and Germany. Studies involved a variety of e-cigarette exposure statuses (current, former, or dual use) and utilized markers like DNA methylation, gene expression, and epigenetic aging to assess biological impacts. Findings showed notable genetic and epigenetic modifications among e-cigarette users, including DNA methylation patterns, altered gene expression, and changes in epigenetic aging, potentially implicating these alterations in disease risk. Conclusion: E-cigarette use is associated with measurable genetic and epigenetic changes that may contribute to adverse health outcomes. This review highlights the importance of further research to understand the long-term health implications of these molecular alterations in e-cigarette users, potentially informing public health guidelines.
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