Comparative Study of Analysis of Macro/ Micronutrients (Cholesterol, Bilirubin, Urea, Creatinine, Uric Acid, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium) in Bile and Serum in the Study of Gall Stone Diseases

Abstract

Introduction: Gallstone disease affects 15–20% of the global population and lead to complications like cholecystitis, cholangitis, and pancreatitis. This study aimed to analyze the concentrations of macro/micronutrients—cholesterol, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium—in bile and serum of individuals with gallstones. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients with cholelithiasis at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. Blood and bile samples were analyzed using the VITROS 5600 dry-chemistry analyzer. Patients with renal disease, diabetes, endocrine disorders were excluded. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Serum cholesterol (mean: 191.48 mg/dL) was significantly higher than bile (mean: 61.99 mg/dL; p < 0.001). Conversely, bile exhibited higher levels of bilirubin (45.951 mg/dL vs. 0.7210 mg/dL; p < 0.001), urea (26.02 mg/dL vs. 21.411 mg/dL; p < 0.001), creatinine (1.1425 mg/dL vs. 0.676 mg/dL; p < 0.001), calcium (11.577 mg/dL vs. 9.000 mg/dL; p < 0.001), phosphorus (8.306 mg/dL vs. 4.255 mg/dL; p < 0.001), and magnesium (6.865 mg/dL vs. 1.878 mg/dL; p < 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed significant relationships for urea (r = 0.253, p = 0.011) and creatinine (r = 0.333, p = 0.001). Females comprised 76% of the study, with males showing elevated serum bilirubin levels (p = 0.04). Conclusion: This study highlights distinct biochemical profiles of serum and bile, emphasizing the potential role of systemic factors like renal function in gallstone formation. Future research should explore these mechanisms in larger, diverse cohorts to improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies