Osteoporosis: Its Mainstream Treatments and Potential Prevention with Phytochemicals: A Review
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Abstract
Osteoporosis is known as a common skeletal condition marked by reduced bone strength, which results in a higher likelihood of fractures, particularly among the elderly. This disease affects millions globally, posing significant burden on patients and healthcare systems. Current pharmacological treatment, including bisphosphonates, denosumab, and teriparatide, are effective but associated with adverse effects over long-term use. Non-pharmacological approaches, such as calcium supplementation and vitamin D, are also common without risks but not when taken in excess. As interest grows in natural alternatives approach, this review explores the potential of phytochemicals which exhibit unique bioactive properties such as Eurycoma longifolia, Labisia pumila, Piper sarmentosum, Herba epimedii, Glycine max, and Psoralea corylifolia in preventing and treating osteoporosis. The review critically compares the advantages and limitations of phytochemical approaches against conventional treatments, advocating further research into their safety and efficacy as complementary options for managing osteoporosis.
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