The Prevalence of Candidiasis Oris, Tuberculosis, and Anemia in Hospitalized HIV Patients Admitted in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: HIV infection attacks the immune system, thus making a person vulnerable to various secondary dis- eases. Various secondary infections trigger systemic endothelium activation and lead to sepsis. Comorbid diseases cause high morbidity and mortality rates in HIV patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence of second- ary diseases in HIV patients. Methods: Analytic and descriptive study with crossectional study design. Data were obtained from medical records of hospitalized patients at RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya from August 2019 - Feb- ruary 2020. Results: Patients are dominated by the 30-39-year-old age group (48.8%) with male gender (69.4%), high school graduates (69.4%), private employees (44.7%), Muslim (90.3%), married (53.1%), CD4 <100 cells/µL (28.1%). From 392 patients, there were 46 2-time inpatients, seven 3-time inpatients times, and four 4-time inpa- tients, which brings a total of 320 HIV patients during the inclusion period. The highest prevalence of secondary disease was candidiasis oris (56.3%), tuberculosis (40.9%), and anemia (39.7%). There was association between age to complications (p= 0.042) and CD4 counts to complications (p= 0.022). Conclusion: HIV patients with CD4 counts of less than 200 cells / µL are very susceptible to various secondary diseases.
Downloads
Article Details
References
CDC. About HIV/AIDS | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS| CDC [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2020 [cited 25 June 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html
WHO. HIV/AIDS [Internet]. Who.int. 2020 [cited 25 June 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids
WHO. Data and statistics [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020 [cited 25 June 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/
Indonesia Health Ministry. Laporan Situasi Perkembangan HIV-AIDS dan PIMS di Indonesia Januari-Desember 2017. Jakarta: DITJEN P2P Kemenkes; 2018
Aguirrebengoa O, Garcia M, Sanchez M, D´Elia G, Mendez B, Arrancudiaga M, et al. Risk factors associated with sexually transmitted infections and HIV among adolescents in a reference clinic in Madrid. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(3).
Rodriguez-Penney AT, Iudicello JE, Riggs PK, Doyle K, Ellis RJ, et al. Co-Morbidities in Persons Infected wih HIV: Increased Burden with Older Age and Negatice Effects on Healt-Related Quality of Life. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2013;27(1).
Anders S. Testosterone and Sexual Desire in Healthy Women and Men. Arch Sex Behav Springer. 2012.
Hessou SPH, Glele-Ahanhanzo Y, Adekpedjou R, Ahoussinou C, Djade CD, Biaou A, et al. HIV incidence and risk contributing factors among men who have sex with men in Benin: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6).
Indonesia Government. Undang Undang Nomer 23 tahun 2003. Lembaran RI tahun 2003. Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara; 2003.
Shukla Y, Rohit B, Tiwari R, Kasar P. Sociodemographic profile of people living with HIV/AIDS attending ART center in a tertiary-care hospital in central India. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2015;4(10).
Taylor J, Agyeman-Duah E, Sampene P, Asare FE, Ayibor W. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of People Living with HIV/AIDS at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Ghana: A Five-Year Retrospective Study. 2018.
Özdemir H, Tosun S, Özdemir D, Korkmaz E. The determinants of employability of people living with HIV/AIDS in Turkey. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2019;63(1):92-98.
Chandwani J, Vyas N, Hooja S. Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacteria Causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in HIV/AIDS Patients with Correlation to CD4+T Cell Counts. International Journal of Medical Research Professionals. 2017;3(1):228-233.
Muralidharan A, Mulugeta G. Implementation of Semi-Parametric Bayesian Analysis for Survival of HIV/AIDS Patients in the Case of Debre Berhan Referral Hospital. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management. 2020;3(5).
Tocco J. The Islamification of antiretroviral therapy: Reconciling HIV treatment and religion in northern Nigeria. Social Science & Medicine. 2017.
Pan S, Tang W, Cao B, Ross R, Tucker J. Buddhism and Coping With HIV in China. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2017;28(5):666-667.
Tang K, Chen W. HIV and religion in HIV-infected Asians and their families: A qualitative study. Applied Nursing Research. 2018;44:18-24.
Fagbamigbe A, Adebayo S, Idemudia E. Marital status and HIV prevalence among women in Nigeria: Ingredients for evidence-based programming. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016;48:57-63.
Kposowa A. Marital Status And HIV/AIDS Mortality: Evidence From The US National Longitudinal Mortality Study. International Journal of Infectious Disease. 2013;17:868-874.
Japiassú A, Amâncio R, Mesquita E, Medeiros D, Bernal H, Nunes E, et al. Sepsis is a major determinant of outcome in critically ill HIV/AIDS patients. Critical Care. 2010;14(4):152.
Chiang H, Hung C, Lee C, Chen H, Chen M, Sheng W, et al. Admissions to intensive care unit of HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: etiology and prognostic factors. Critical Care. 2011;15(4):202.
Mayanja B, Todd J, Hughes P, Van der Paal L, Mugisha J, Atuhumuza E, et al. Septicaemia in a population-based HIV clinical cohort in rural Uganda, 1996-2007: incidence, aetiology, antimicrobial drug resistance and impact of antiretroviral therapy. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2010;15(6):697-705.
Huson M, Grobusch M, van der Poll T. The effect of HIV infection on the host response to bacterial sepsis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2014;15(1):95-108.
Jones AJ, Bren, A. Sepsis. Surgery (Oxford). 2019;37(1):1-8.
Pandharpurkar D, Devulapally N, Gouthami B, Krishna G. Spectrum Of Opportunistic Infections In Relation To CD4 Counts In HIV/AIDS Patients Admitted In The Department Of General Medicine Of A Tertiary Care Hospital. International Journal of Advances in Medicines. 2019;6(3).
Melhuish A, Lewthwaite P. Natural history of HIV and AIDS. Medicine. 2018;46(6):356-361.
Ditjen P2PL. Petunjuk Teknis Tata Laksana Klinis Ko-infeksi TB-HIV. Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2012.
Havlir D, Getahun H, Sanne I, Nunn P. Opportunities and Challenges for HIV Care in Overlapping HIV and TB Epidemics. JAMA. 2008;300(4):423 - 430.
Dufaur L, Matin N. Important opportunistic infections in HIV. Medicine. 2018;46(6):352-355.
Chandra A, Firth J, Sheikh A, Patel P. Emergencies Related To HIV Infection And Treatment (Part
. African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2013;3:142–149.
Vila T, Sultan A, Montelongo-Jauregui D, Jabra-Rizk M. Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity. Journal of Fungi. 2020;6(1):15.
Ghate M, Deshpand S, Tripathy S, Nene M, Gedam P, Godbole S, et al. Incidence of common opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals in Pune, India: analysis by stages of immunosuppression represented by CD4 counts. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009;13(1):1-8.
Rooku KC, Adhikari S, Bastol, A, Devkot L, Bhandari P, Ghimire P, et al. Opportunistic Respiratory Infections in HIV Patients Attending Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Diseases Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care. 2019;11:357-367.
Safarpour H, Cevik M, Zarean M, Barac A, Hatam- Nahavandi K, Rahimi M, et al. Global status of Toxoplasma gondii infection and associated risk factors in people living with HIV. AIDS. 2019;34(3):469-474.
Jayarajan N, Chandra P. HIV and mental health: An overview of research from India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2010;52(7):269.
Rooney A, Moore R, Paolillo E, Gouaux B, Umlauf A, Letendre S, et al. depression and aging with HIV: Associations with health-related quality of life and positive psychological factors. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2019;251:1-7.
Batchelder A, Moskowitz J, Jain J, Cohn M, Earle M, Carrico A. A Novel Technology-Enhanced Internalized Stigma and Shame Intervention for HIV-Positive Persons With Substance Use Disorders. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. 2020;27(1):55-69.
Aynalem Y, Shibabaw Shiferaw W, Woldiye Z. Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associated Factors in Antiretroviral-Treated HIV/AIDS-Positive Adults from 2013 to 2018 at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Advances in Hematology. 2020:1-7.
Kulkarni M, Bhalerao M, Mungal S, Dube S. Anemia in People Living With HIV/AIDS: A Cross Sectional Study from India. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2015;14(2):04-08.
Iddah, Ali M. ANAEMIA IN HIV. EAS Journal of Parasitology and Infectious Diseases. 2019;1(4):73- 84.
Chandra A, Firth J, Sheikh A, Patel P. Emergencies Related To HIV Infection And Treatment (Part 2). African Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2013;3:197–202.
Ravikumar V, Rudresh K, Jalihal U, Satish R, Manjunath R. Clinical and endoscopic spectrum of upper gastrointestinal manifestations in HIV patients. Kathmandu University Medical Journal. 2010;8(1):25-28.
Bandera A, De Benedetto I, Bozzi G, Gori A. Altered gut microbiome composition in HIV infection. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 2017;13(1):73- 80.
Butt A, McGinnis K, Rodriguez-Barradas M, Crystal S, Simberkof M, Goetz M, et al. HIV Infection and the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus. AIDS. 2009;23(10):1227-1234.
Kalra S, Kalra B, Agrawal N, Unnikrishnan A. Understanding diabetes in patients with HIV/AIDS. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome. 2011;3(2).
Bourgi K, Wanjalla C, Koethe J. Inflammation and Metabolic Complications in HIV. Current HIV/ AIDS Reports. 2018;15(5):371-381.
Ugwuja E, Eze N. A Comparative Study of Serum Electrolytes, Total Protein, Calcium and Phosphate Among Diabetic and HIV/AIDS Patients in Abakaliki, Southeastern, Nigeria. The Internet Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2007;2(1).
Musso C, Belloso w, Glassock R. Water, electrolytes, and acid-base alterations in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. World Journal of Nephrology. 2016;5(1):33.
Dao C, Peters P, Kiarie J, Zulu I, Muiruri P, Ong’ ec, J, et al. Hyponatremia, Hypochloremia, and Hypoalbuminemia Predict an Increased Risk of Mortality During the First Year of Antiretroviral Therapy Among HIV-Infected Zambian and Kenyan Women. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2011;27(11):1149-1155.