Prevalence and Factors Associated with Alcohol Use among Dayak Adolescents in Sarawak, Malaysia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Alcohol is classified as a psychoactive substance, and its dependence is one of the three leading risk factors for death, disability, or disease. Early age alcohol use by the age of 15 is implied to be harmful due to inter- ference in the brain development of adolescents, causing alcohol-related problems later in life. This study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with alcohol use among Dayak adolescents in Sarawak, Malaysia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional quantitative research approach. A total of 12 districts within the 12 divisions were selected by multistage stratified cluster sampling. Dayak housing area lists were obtained from district offices and the local councils. The respondents were selected systematically according to male and female respondent hous- es, and they were interviewed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analysed through IBM SPSS Version 27.0. Results: Dayak adolescents’ mean age was 17.31 years. They were either low-risk (50.0 %), hazardous (31.0%), abstainers (11.0%), harmful (5.0%) or alcohol dependant (3.0%) drinkers. Age (p<.001), gender (p<.05), ethnicity (p<.001), religion (p<.05), employment (p<.001), level of education (p<.01), allowance (p<.001), family relationship (p<.05), and family size (p<.05) were the potential predictors of alcohol use disorder. Conclusion: Dayak adolescent alcohol drinking is prevalent and a public health problem, par- ticularly among disadvantaged socio-economic families. The lower proportion of abstainers suggested that alcohol use among adolescents is on the rise. Hence, the results should be utilised to do targeted health promotion regard- ing harmful alcohol use among adolescents since early use of alcohol among adolescents may lead to more severe health and non-health outcomes in the future.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Morgan CJA, Noronha LA, Muetzelfeldt M, Fielding A, Curran HV. Harms and benefits associated with psychoactive drugs: findings of an international survey of active drug users. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England). 2013; 27(6):497-506. doi:10.1177/0269881113477744
Zhou Y, Zheng J, Li S, Zhou T, Zhang P, Li H-B. Alcoholic Beverage Consumption and Chronic Diseases. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(6). doi:10.3390/ijerph13060522
Pimentel E, Sivalingam K, Doke M, Samikkannu T. Effects of Drugs of Abuse on the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Brief Overview. Front Neurosci. 2020; 14:513. doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00513
Wackernah RC, Minnick MJ, Clapp P. Alcohol use disorder: pathophysiology, effects, and pharmacologic options for treatment. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation. 2014; 5:1-12. doi:10.2147/SAR.S37907
Taylor AW, Shi Z, Dal Grande E, Stockley C. The Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and other Risk Factors Assessed Using An Ongoing Population-based Surveillance System. AIMS public health. 2016; 3(4):985-1002. doi:10.3934/ publichealth.2016.4.985
Sanchez-Roige S, Palmer AA, Clarke TK. Recent Efforts to Dissect the Genetic Basis of Alcohol Use and Abuse. Biol Psychiatry. 2020; 87(7):609-18. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.011
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol and Public Health. Atlanta, USA, : Center for Disease Control and Prevention2019.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Understanding the impact of alcohol on human health and well-being. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, , USA. 2022. https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ brochures-and-fact-sheets/alcohol-facts-and- statistics. Accessed 27 April 2022.
Probst C, Fleischmann A, Gmel G, et al. The global proportion and volume of unrecorded alcohol in 2015. Journal of Global Health. 2019; 9(1). doi:10.7189/jogh.09.010421
Ahmad NA, Mohamad Kasim N, Mahmud NA, et al. Prevalence and determinants of disability among adults in Malaysia: results from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015. BMC Public Health. 2017; 17(1):756. doi:10.1186/ s12889-017-4793-7
Institute for Public Health Malaysia. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2017: Adolescent Health Survey 2017. Kuala Lumpur: National Institute of Health Malaysia, 2017 2017 Contract No.: MOH/S/IKU/71.17(RR)
Soundararajan S, Narayanan G, Agrawal A, Prabhakaran D, Murthy P. Relation between age at first alcohol drink & adult life drinking patterns in alcohol-dependent patients. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2017; 146(5):606-11. doi:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1363_15
Hong JW, Noh JH, Kim D-J. The prevalence of and factors associated with high-risk alcohol consumption in Korean adults: The 2009–2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLOS ONE. 2017; 12(4):e0175299.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175299
Rehm J. The risks associated with alcohol use and alcoholism. Alcohol Res Health. 2011; 34(2):135-43.
Pompili M, Serafini G, Innamorati M, et al. Suicidal behavior and alcohol abuse. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2010; 7(4):1392-431. doi:10.3390/ijerph7041392
Wan Rozita W, Hanjeet Kaur A, Lim K-I. Factors related to alcohol drinking among the adolescents in Federal Territory, Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 2005; 5(1):23-6.
Arshad MRM, Omar M, Shahdan NA. Alcoholism among youth: A case study in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. International Journal of Culture and History. 2015; 1(1):21-8. doi: 10.18178/ ijch.2015.1.1.004
Abd Rashid RB, Mohd Daud MNB, Guad RM, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with alcohol consumption among indigenous people in Sabah Borneo Island. Australian Journal of Rural Health. 2021; 29(3):464-72. doi: 10.1111/ajr.12732
Mutalip MH, Kamarudin RB, Manickam M, Abd Hamid HA, Saari RB. Alcohol consumption and risky drinking patterns in Malaysia: findings from NHMS 2011. Alcohol Alcohol. 2014; 49(5):593-9. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agu042
Sada C, Alas Y, Anshari M. Indigenous people of Borneo (Dayak): Development, social cultural perspective and its challenges. Cogent Arts & Humanities. 2019; 6(1):1665936. doi:10.1080/23311983.2019.1665936
Pourhoseingholi MA, Vahedi M, Rahimzadeh M. Sample size calculation in medical studies. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2013;6(1);14- 17
Dattalo P. Determining Sample Size: Balancing Power, Precision, and Practicality. Determining Sample Size: Balancing Power, Precision, and Practicality. 2011. doi:10.1093/ acprof:oso/9780195315493.001.0001
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II. Addiction. 1993; 88(6):791-804. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
Bae HC, Hong S, Jang SI, Lee KS, Park EC. Patterns of Alcohol Consumption and Suicidal Behavior: Findings From the Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2007- 2011). J Prev Med Public Health. 2015; 48(3):142-50.
doi:10.3961/jpmph.14.027
Pradhan B, Chappuis F, Baral D, et al. The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): validation of a Nepali version for the detection of alcohol use disorders and hazardous drinking in medical settings. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2012; 7:42. doi:10.1186/1747-597x-7-42
IBM SPSS. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. 27 ed. Armonk, NY, USA: IBM SPSS; 2020.
Debenham J, Newton N, Birrell L, Askovic M. Alcohol and other drug prevention for older adolescents: It’s a no brainer. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2019; 38(4):327-30. doi:10.1111/dar.12914
Rüütel E, Sisask M, Värnik A, et al. Alcohol consumption patterns among adolescents are related to family structure and exposure to drunkenness within the family: results from the SEYLE project. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014; 11(12):12700-15. doi:10.3390/ijerph111212700
Amit N, Hasking P, Manderson L. Demographic factors associated with alcohol use among young men in rural areas of Sarawak. Addiction Research & Theory. 2013; 21(5):391-401. doi: 10.3109/16066359.2012.731114
MI MF, AS AN. Alcohol harm in Malaysia: Always the right time to discuss. Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry. 2014; 23(1):101-4.
Dir AL, Bell RL, Adams ZW, Hulvershorn LA. Gender Differences in Risk Factors for Adolescent Binge Drinking and Implications for Intervention and Prevention. Front Psychiatry. 2017; 8:289. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00289
Gruenewald PJ, Remer LG, LaScala EA. Testing a social ecological model of alcohol use: the California 50-city study. Addiction. 2014; 109(5):736-45. doi:10.1111/add.12438
Kenneth R. Gawai, the harvest festival that glues Dayaks together. Sarawak Voice. 2019 2 June
Shoesmith WD, Oo Tha N, Naing KS, Abbas RB, Abdullah AF. Unrecorded Alcohol and Alcohol- Related Harm in Rural Sabah, Malaysia: A Socio- economically Deprived Region with Expensive Beer and Cheap Local Spirits. Alcohol Alcohol. 2016; 51(6):741-6. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agw005
Devkota HR, Bhandari B, Adhikary P. Perceived mental health, wellbeing and associated factors among Nepali male migrant and non-migrant workers: A qualitative study. Journal of Migration and Health. 2021; 3:100013. doi:10.1016/j.jmh.2020.100013
Calling S, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Kendler KS. Socioeconomic status and alcohol use disorders across the lifespan: A co-relative control study. PLoS ONE. 2019; 14(10):e0224127. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224127
Chhoa KH, Zakaria H, Abd Rahman FN. Problematic alcohol use and depression in secondary school students in Miri, Malaysia. Pediatrics International: Official Journal of the Japan Pediatric Society. 2019; 61(3):284-92. doi:10.1111/ped.13789
Cox MJ, Janssen T, Lopez-Vergara H, Barnett NP, Jackson KM. Parental drinking as context for parental socialization of adolescent alcohol use. Journal of Adolescence. 2018; 69:22-32. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.08.009
Berten H, Cardoen D, Brondeel R, Vettenburg N. Alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents in Flemish secondary school in Brussels: effects of type of education. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12:215. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-215
Robertson K, Tustin K. Students Who Limit Their Drinking, as Recommended by National Guidelines, Are Stigmatized, Ostracized, or the Subject of Peer Pressure: Limiting Consumption Is All But Prohibited in a Culture of Intoxication. Subst Abuse. 2018; 12:1178221818792414. doi:10.1177/1178221818792414