Anti-Obesity Effect of Methanolic Extracts of Local Punica granatum in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity has been linked to coronary artery disease, type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, stroke, and cancer. Pomegranate (Punica granatum; PG) has been used extensively in folk medicine for several therapeutic purposes. The goal of this study is to investigate the anti-obesity effect of PG peel and pulp methanolic extracts in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: The animals were separated into 7 groups namely Normal control group (normal diet); HFD-induced only as negative control group, and positive control group (HFD-induced + orlistat); treatment group included HFD-induced + peel 125 mg/kg, HFD-induced +peel 250 mg/kg, HFD-induced + pulp 125 mg/kg and HFD-induced + pulp 250 mg/kg. Results: It was observed that methanolic extract of peel and pulp PG 250 mg/kg showed low increment of body weight with a reduction in weight of liver, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat. Compared to the negative control group, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels were shown to be lowered for PG peel and pulp groups also showed higher values in high-density lipoprotein. Conclusion: PG reduced obesity-related markers in blood, liver, and adipose tissue and inhibited obesity caused by a high-fat diet probably because of its antioxidant properties.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Camacho S, Michlig S, de Senarclens-Benzencon C, Meylan J, Meystre J, Pezzoli M, Markram H, le Coutre J.. Anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic effects of Cinnamaldehyde via altered Ghrelin secretion & functional impact of food intake & gastric emptying. Scientific Reports. 2015;5:7919. doi: 10.1038/srep07919.
Rusdiana Rusdiana, Siti Syarifah, Yunita Sari Pane, Sry Suryani Widjaja, Dwi Rita Anggraini, The Effects of High Fat Diet on the Liver of the White Rat Model Obesity. Scientific Foundation SPIROSKI, Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2022; 10(A):709-714. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.9383
Yusra Azhar, Ashish Parmar, Colette N. Miller, Janaiya S. Samuel and Srujana Rayalam: Phytochemicals as novel agents for the induction of browning in white adipose tissue. Nutrition and Metabolism. 2016; 19: 717-726. doi: 10.1186/s12986-016-0150-6
Taltia A, Roy A. Orlistat - an anti-obesity drug - An overview. J Adv Pharm Edu Res 2017;7(3):190-193.
Mahesar, S.A., Kori, A.H., Sherazi, S.T.H., Kandhro, A.A., Laghari, Z.H. (2019). Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Seed Oil. Fruit Oils: Chemistry and Functionality. Springer, Cham. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-12473-1_37
Industrial Pomegranate Wastes and their Functional Benefits in Novel Food Formulations. In: Ramadan, M.F., Farag, M.A. (eds) Mediterranean Fruits Bio-wastes. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-84436-3_31
Müller, T.D., Blüher, M., Tschöp, M.H. et al. Anti-obesity drug discovery: advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 21, 201–223 (2022). doi:10.1038/s41573-021-00337-8
Rahman SA, Suhaimi SM, Hakeem WA, Adam Z. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiglycation properties of methanolic extracts of local and imported Punica granatum. Journal Natural Product and Biomedical Research. 2015;1(1).
Azman KF, Amom Z, Azlan A, Esa NM, Ali RM, Shah ZM, Kadir KKA.. Antiobesity effect of Tamarindus indica L. pulp aqueous extract in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Journal of Natural Medicine. 2011;66(2):333-42. doi: 10.1007/s11418-011-0597-8
Guilherme Fleury Fina Speretta,I Marisa Cristina Rosante,I Fernanda Oliveira Duarte,II Richard Diego Leite,IIIAnderson Diogo de Souza Lino,I Rafael Arquias Andre,I Joa ̃ o Guilherme de Oliveira Silvestre,I HeloisaSobreiro Selistre de Araujo,II Ana Claudia Garcia de Oliveira DuarteI The effects of exercise modalities on adiposity in obese rats. The effects of exercise modalities on adiposity in obese rats. CLINICS2012;67(12):1469-1447 doi:10.6061/clinics/2012(12)19
Xinghua L and Hong L. Obesity: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021; 12:706978 doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.706978
Supriya K, Kotagiri S, Vrushabendra Swamy BM, Archana Swamy P, Vishwanath KM. Anti-obesity activity of Shorea robusta G. leaves extract on monosodium glutamate induced obesity in albino rats. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2012;3(3):555-565.
Chi, Q., Wang, G., Sheng, Y., Xu, W., Shi, P., Zhao, C., & Huang, K. (2017). Ethanolic extract of the golden oyster mushroom, Pleurotus citrinopileatus (Agaricomycetes), alleviates metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese mice. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 19(11), 1001–1008. doi:10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.20.
Wang LY, Chen C. Energy metabolism homeostasis in cardiovascular diseases. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2021 Dec 28;18(12):1044-1057. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2021.12.006.
Jo J, Gavrilova O, Pack S, Jou W, Mullen S, Sumner AE, Cushman, SW, Periwal V. Hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia: dynamics of adipose tissue growth. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2009;5(3): e1000324. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000324
Sati SC, Sati N, Sati OP. Bioactive constituents and medicinal importance of genus Alnus. Pharmacogn Rev. 2011 Jul;5(10):174-83. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.91115.
Sukandar, E.Y., Yuniarto, A., & Finna, S. Anti-obesity effect of the pomegranate leaves ethanol extract (Punica granatum L) in high-fat diet induced mice, Chemistry. 2014.
de Melo CL, Queiroz MG, Fonseca SG, Bizerra AM, Lemos TL, Melo TS, Santos FA, Rao VS.. Oleanolic acid, a natural triterpenoid improves blood glucose tolerance in normal mice and ameliorates visceral obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet: Chem. Biol. Interact. 2010;185(1):59–65. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.028
Xu A,Wang Y, Keshaw H, Xu LY, Lam KS, Cooper GJ. The fat derived hormone adiponectin alleviates alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in mice: J. Clin. Invest. 2003;112(1):91–100. doi:10.1172%2FJCI17797
Cherng JY, Shih MF. Preventing dyslipidemia by Chlorella pyrenoidosa in rats and hamsters after chronic high fat diet treatment. Life Sci. 2005;76(26):3001-13. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.055
Tan BK, Tan CH, Pushparaj PN. Anti-diabetic activity of the semi-purified fractions of Averrhoa bilimbi in high fat diet fed-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sci. 2005;76(24):2827-39. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.051
Al-Muammar MN, Khan F. Obesity: The preventive role of the pomegranate (Punica granatum). Nutrition. 2012;28(6):595-604. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.11.013
Schummer CM, Werner U, Tennagels N, Schmol D, Haschke G, Juretschke H, Patel MS, Gerl M, Kramer W, Herling AW. Dysregulated pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008;294(1):88-96. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00178.2007
Punica granatum review Linn Muhammad Fithri Nozula 1.: A phytochemical and pharmacological, Hannis Fadzilah Mohsin 1 1 , Ibtisam Abdul Wahab, Journal of Advanced Research in Materials Science 30, Issue 1. 2017 1-9.
P Singh Aviram M, Volkova N, Coleman R, Dreher M, Reddy MK, Ferreira D, Rosenblat M. Pomegranate phenolics from the peels, arils, and flowers are antiatherogenic: studies in vivo in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and in vitro in cultured macrophages and lipoproteins. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008;56(3):1148–57. doi:10.1021/jf071811q
Michael C. Phillips, New insights into the determination of HDL structure by apolipoproteins1: Thematic Review Series: High Density Lipoprotein Structure, Function, and Metabolism, Journal of Lipid Research, Volume 54, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 2034-2048, ISSN 0022-2275, doi:10.1194/jlr.R034025.
M. Hajimahmoodi, G. Moghaddam, A. Ranjbar, H. Khazani, N. Sadeghi, M. Oveisi and B. Jannat, “Total Phenolic, Flavonoids, Tannin Content and Antioxidant Power of Some Iranian Pomegranate Flower Cultivars (Punica granatum L.),” American Journal of Plant Sciences, Vol. 4 No. 9, 2013, pp. 1815-1820. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2013.49223.
Jie X, Ke C, Lin Z, Zhihui F, Zhizhong D, Jianke L, and Jiankang L. The effects and mechanisms of pomegranate in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine Vol. 3, No. 4 (2020) 223–237. doi:10.1142/S2575900020300064