The Effect of Submaximal Incremental Running Test on Heart Rate Variability in University-level Male Football Athletes
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of incremental running intensity on heart rate variability during recovery in university-level male football athletes. Methods: Twenty healthy males aged between 19-26 years old were randomly assigned to control (no running) and intervention (modified Bruce protocol running) groups. Analyses were performed at pre-exercise, 24, 48, and 72 h post-exercise. The low-frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) in peak, absolute power and normalised unit (n.u.), as well as LF/HF ratio, were assessed. Results: Intervention group showed a reduced LF n.u. response (ES=1.69) whereas HF n.u. showed the opposite response (ES=1.51) at 24 h post-exercise. The intervention group showed a significant difference in the LF/HF ratio at 48 h post-exercise (p=0.002; ES=1.05). Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that incremental type of exercise influ- ence both sympathetic and parasympathetic response for at least 48 h post-exercise.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology. Heart Rate Variability. Circulation. 1996;93(5):1043–1065. doi:10.1161/01.cir.93.5.1043
Terziotti P, Schena F, Gulli G, Cevese A. Post- exercise recovery of autonomic cardiovascular control: a study by spectrum and cross-spectrum analysis in humans. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2001;84(3):187–194. doi:10.1007/s004210170003
Gomis P, Caminal P, Vallverdú M, Warren SG, Stein PK, Wagner GS. Assessment of autonomic control of the heart during transient myocardial ischemia. Journal of Electrocardiology. 2012;45(1):82–9. doi:10.1016/j. jelectrocard.2011.08.013
Morales J, Álamo JM, García-Massó X, Buscà B, López JL, Serra-Añó P, et al. Use of Heart Rate Variability in Monitoring Stress and Recovery in Judo Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2014;28(7):1896–1905. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000328
Dong J. The role of heart rate variability in sports physiology (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2016;11(5):1531-1536. doi:10.3892/etm.2016.3104
Seiler S, Haugen O, Kuffel E. Autonomic Recovery after Exercise in Trained Athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2007;39(8):1366– 1373. doi:10.1249/ mss.0b013e318060f17d
Leti T, Bricout VA. Interest of analyses of heart rate variability in the prevention of fatigue states in senior runners. Autonomic Neuroscience. 2013;173(1–2):14–21. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.10.007
Pober DM, Braun B, Freedson PS. Effects of a Single Bout of Exercise on Resting Heart Rate Variability. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2004;36(7):1140–1148. doi:10.1249/01. mss.0000132273.30827.9a
Parekh ALPA, Lee CM. Heart Rate Variability after Isocaloric Exercise Bouts of Different Intensities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2005;37(4):599–605. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000159139.29220.9a
Löllgen H, Leyk D. Exercise Testing in Sports Medicine. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 2018;115(24):409–416. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0409
Bravi A, Green G, Herry C, Wright HE, Longtin A, Kenny GP, Seely AJ. Do physiological and pathological stresses produce different changes in heart rate variability?. Frontiers in Physiology. 2013;4:197. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00197
Trabulo M, Mendes M, Mesquita A, Seabra-Gomes R. Does the modified Bruce protocol induce physiological stress equal to that of the Bruce protocol? Revista portuguesa de cardiologia : orgão oficial da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese journal of cardiology : an official journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology. 1994;13(10):753–760.
Vilcant V, Zeltser R. Treadmill Stress Testing. [Updated 2020 Jul 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/books/NBK499903/
Duncker DJ, Bache RJ. Regulation of coronary blood flow during exercise. Physiological Reviews. 2008;88(3): 1009-1086. doi:10.1152/physrev.00045.2006
Schneider, C, Hanakam F, Wiewelhove T, Döweling A, Kellmann M, Meyer T, Pfeiffer M, Ferrauti A. Heart Rate Monitoring in Team Sports-A Conceptual Framework for Contextualizing Heart Rate Measures for Training and Recovery Prescription. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018;9:639. doi:10.3389/ fphys.2018.00639
James DVB, Munson SC, Maldonado-Martin S, De Ste Croix MBA. Heart Rate Variability: Effect of Exercise Intensity on Postexercise Response. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2012;83(4):533–539. doi:10.5641/027013612804582560
Stefani L, Mascherini G, Galanti G. Aerobic Threshold for Exercise Prescription. International Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2010;01(01):6–9. doi:10.4236/ ijcm.2010.11002
Borg G. Rating Scales for Perceived Physical Effort and Exertion. International Encyclopedia of Ergonomics and Human Factors, 2nd Ed. 3 Volume Set. CRC Press; 2006. doi:10.1201/9780849375477.ch178
Roy S, Mccrory J. Validation of maximal heart rate prediction equations based on sex and physical activity status. International Journal of Exercise Science. 2015;8(4):318. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC4831892/
Tarvainen MP, Niskanen J-P, Lipponen JA, Ranta- aho PO, Karjalainen PA. Kubios HRV – Heart rate variability analysis software. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 2014;113(1):210–220. doi:10.1016/j. cmpb.2013.07.024
Hopkins W, Marshall S, Batterham A, Hanin J. Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2009;41(1):3–13. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31818cb278
Savin WM, Davidson DM, Haskell WL. Autonomic contribution to heart rate recovery from exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1982;53(6):1572–5. doi:10.1152/jappl.1982.53.6.1572
Buchheit M, Papelier Y, Laursen PB, Ahmaidi S. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac parasympathetic function: postexercise heart rate recovery or heart rate variability? American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2007;293(1):H8–10. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00335.2007
Dixon EM, Kamath MV, McCartney N, Fallen EL. Neural regulation of heart rate variability in endurance athletes and sedentary controls. Cardiovascular Research. 1992;26(7):713–719. doi:10.1093/ cvr/26.7.713
Pagani M, Lombardi F, Guzzetti S, Rimoldi O, Furlan R, Pizzinelli P, et al. Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interaction in man and conscious dog. Circulation Research. 1986;59(2):178–93. doi:10.1161/01.res.59.2.178
Kamath MV, Ghista DN, Fallen EL, Fitchett D, Miller D, McKelvie R. Heart rate variability power spectrogram as a potential noninvasive signature of cardiac regulatory system response, mechanisms, and disorders. Heart and Vessels. 1987;3(1):33-41. doi:10.1007/ BF02073645
Seals DR, Chase PB. Influence of physical training on heart rate variability and baroreflex circulatory control. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1989;66(4):1886-1895. doi:10.1152/jappl.1989.66.4.1886
Monahan KD, Dinenno FA, Tanaka H, Clevenger CM, DeSouza CA, Seals DR. Regular aerobic exercise modulates age-associated declines in cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity in healthy men. The Journal of Physiology. 2000;529(1):263–271. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11080267
Bricout VA, DeChenaud S, Favre-Juvin A. Analyses of heart rate variability in young soccer players: the effects of sport activity. Autonomic Neuroscience. 2010;154(1-2):112-116. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2009.12.001
Stuckey MI, Tordi N, Mourot L, Gurr LJ, Rakobowchuk M, Millar PJ, Toth R, MacDonald MJ. Kamath MV. Autonomic recovery following sprint interval exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2012;22: 756-763. doi: 10.1111/j.1600- 0838.2011.01320.x
Uusitalo ALT, Uusitalo AJ, Rusko HK. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Variability During Heavy Training and Overtraining in the Female Athlete. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000;21(1):45–53. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8853
Cornelissen VA, Verheyden B, Aubert AE, Fagard RH. Effects of aerobic training intensity on resting, exercise and post-exercise blood pressure, heart rate and heart-rate variability. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2009;24(3):175–182. doi:10.1038/jhh.2009.51
Malik M, Bigger JT, Camm AJ, Kleiger RE, Malliani A, Moss AJ, et al. Heart rate variability: Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. European Heart Journal. 1996;17(3):354–381. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868
De Meersman RE. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia alteration following training in endurance athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1992;64(5): 434–436. doi:10.1007/ bf00625063
Bernardi L, Wdowczyk-Szulc J, Valenti C, Castoldi S, Passino C, Spadacini G, et al. Effects of controlled breathing, mental activity and mental stress with or without verbalisation on heart rate variability. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2000;35(6):1462–1469. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00595-7
Weippert M, Behrens K, Rieger A, Kumar M, Behrens M. Effects of breathing patterns and light exercise on linear and nonlinear heart rate variability. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2015;40(8):762–768. doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0493
Schmitt L, Regnard J, Desmarets M, Mauny F, Mourot L, Fouillot J-P, et al. Fatigue shifts and scatters heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes. PloS One. 2013;8(8):e71588–e71588. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/23951198
Chen JL, Yeh DP, Lee JP, Chen CY, Huang CY, Lee SD, Chen CC, Kuo TB, Kao CL, Kuo CH. Parasympathetic nervous activity mirrors recovery status in weightlifting performance after training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2011; 25: 1546–1552. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181da7858
Rezk CC, Marrache RC, Tinucci T, Mion D Jr, Forjaz CL. Post-resistance exercise hypotension, hemodynamics, and heart rate variability: influence of exercise intensity. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006; 98: 105–112. doi: 10.1007/s00421-006-0257-y
Nakamura Y, Yamamoto Y, Muraoka I. Autonomic control of heart rate during physical exercise and fractal dimension of heart rate variability. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1993;74(2):875– 881. doi: 10.1152/ jappl.1993.74.2.875
Martinmäki K, Häkkinen K, Mikkola J, Rusko H. Effect of low-dose endurance training on heart rate variability at rest and during an incremental maximal exercise test. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008;104(3):541–548. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0804-9
Shin K, Minamitani H, Onishi S, Yamazaki H, Lee M. The power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in athletes during dynamic exercise-Part I. Clinical Cardiology. 1995;18(10):583–6. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960181011
Kaikkonen P, Hynynen E, Mann T, Rusko H, Nummela A. Heart rate variability is related to training load vaseriables in interval running exercises. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011;112(3):829–838. doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-2031-z
Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms. Frontiers in Public Health. 2017;5:258. Available from: https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29034226
Tsuji H, Larson MG, Venditti FJ, Manders ES, Evans JC, Feldman CL, et al. Impact of Reduced Heart Rate Variability on Risk for Cardiac Events. Circulation. 1996;94(11):2850–2855. doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.11.2850
Iellamo F, Legramante JM, Pigozzi F, Spataro A, Norbiato G, Lucini D, et al. Conversion From Vagal to Sympathetic Predominance With Strenuous Training in High-Performance World Class Athletes. Circulation. 2002;105(23):2719–2724. Available from: doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000018124.01299.ae
de Oliveira TP, de Alvarenga Mattos R, da Silva RBF, Rezende RA, de Lima JRP. Absence of parasympathetic reactivation after maximal exercise. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2012;33(2):143–149. doi: 10.1111/cpf.12009
Esco MR, Olson MS, Williford HN, Blessing DL, Shannon D, Grandjean P. The relationship between resting heart rate variability and heart rate recovery. Clinical Autonomic Research. 2009;20(1):33–38. doi: 10.1007/s10286-009-0033-2
Flatt AA, Esco MR. Evaluating Individual Training Adaptation With Smartphone-Derived Heart Rate Variability in a Collegiate Female Soccer Team. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2016;30(2):378–385. doi: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001095