Time-Restricted Feeding And Brisk Walking in Overweight and Obese Adults
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity and its associated metabolic consequences such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease are a global epidemic. Conventional treatment of obesity is daily calorie restriction which many patients find challenging. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is an emerging alternative although very limited scientific evidence is available. Alternatively, brisk walking (BW) has been shown to reduce mortality risks. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of TRF (16 hour/day of fasting) and investigate the additional effects of BW with TRF (16 hour/day of fasting) in overweight and obesity management. Methods: Thirty-six (n=36) overweight and obese participants were enrolled equally into three different groups according to their preferences in this 16- week prospective experimental study; Group A (TRF combined with BW), Group B (TRF alone) and Group C (control group maintaining their lifestyle). Data collection was conducted at the beginning and end of the study for statistical analysis. Results: All Group A and Group B participants showed significant reductions in body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage, visceral fat level, whole body subcutaneous fat percentage, trunk subcutaneous percentage, legs subcutaneous percentage and arms subcutaneous fat percentage as compared to their control counterparts (Group C) (all p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in all anthropometric measurements of Group A participants compared to Group B counterparts. Conclusion: TRF (16 hour/day fasting) can be adopted in weight reduction management of overweight and obese patients. BW for 16 weeks combined with TRF renders no additional effects in overweight and obesity management.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Chan YY, Lim KK, Lim KH, et al. Physical activity and overweight/obesity among Malaysian adults: findings from the 2015 National Health and morbidity survey (NHMS). BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–12.
Ríos-Hoyo A, Gutiérrez-Salmeán G. New Dietary Supplements for Obesity: What We Currently Know. Curr Obes Rep [Internet]. 2016;5(2):262–70. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13679-016-0214-y
Seidell JC, Halberstadt J. The Global Burden of Obesity and the Challenges of Prevention. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;66(suppl 2):7–12.
Williams EP, Mesidor M, Winters K, Dubbert PM, Wyatt SB. Overweight and Obesity: Prevalence, Consequences, and Causes of a Growing Public Health Problem. Curr Obes Rep. 2015;4(3):363– 70.
VanPutte C, Regan J, Russo A. Seeley’s Essentials Of Anatomy & Physiology 10TH EDITION. 10TH ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2019. 689 p.
Trepanowski JF, Kroeger CM, Barnosky A, et al. Effect of Alternate-Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Cardioprotection Among Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. 2017;177(7):930–8.
Bowen J, Brindal E, James-Martin G, Noakes M. Randomized Trial of a High Protein, Partial Meal Replacement Program with or without Alternate Day Fasting: Similar Effects on Weight Loss, Retention Status, Nutritional, Metabolic, and Behavioral Outcomes. Nutrients. 2018;10(9).
Stekovic S, Hofer SJ, Tripolt N, et al. Alternate Day Fasting Improves Physiological and Molecular Markers of Aging in Healthy, Non-obese Humans. 2019;462–76.
Catenacci VA, Pan Z, Ostendorf D, et al. A randomized pilot study comparing zero-calorie alternate-day fasting to daily caloric restriction in adults with obesity. 2016;24(9):1874–83.
Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Lappé DL, et al. Randomized cross-over trial of short-term water- only fasting: Metabolic and cardiovascular consequences. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;23(11):1050–7.
Heilbronn LK, Civitarese AE, Bogacka I, et al. Glucose Tolerance and Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression in Response to Alternate Day Fasting. Obes Res. 2005;13(3):574–81.
Hoddy KK, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, et al. Meal Timing During Alternate Day Fasting: Impact on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Obese Adults. 2014;00(00):1–8.
Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Varady KA. Alternate Day Fasting and Endurance Exercise Combine to Reduce Body Weight and Favorably Alter Plasma Lipids in Obese Humans. 2013;21(7).
Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Varady KA. Alternate day fasting (ADF) with a high-fat diet produces similar weight loss and cardio-protection as ADF with a low-fat diet. Metabolism [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2020, December, 18];62(1):137–43. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.002
Varady KA, Bhutani S, Church EC, Klempel MC. Short-term modified alternate-day fasting: a novel dietary strategy for weight loss and cardioprotection in obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2020, December, 18];90(5):1138–43. Available from: http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/90/5/1138.short
Tinsley GM, Forsse JS, Butler NK, et al. Time- restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: A randomized controlled trial†. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;17(2):200–7.
Ravussin E, Beyl RA, Poggiogalle E, Hsia DS, Peterson CM. Early Time-Restricted Feeding Reduces Appetite and Increases Fat Oxidation But Does Not Affect Energy Expenditure in Humans. 2019;27(8):1244–54.
Sutton EF, Beyl R, Early KS, et al. Early Time- Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes. Cell Metab [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020, December, 18];27(6):1212-1221.e3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010
Chowdhury EA, Richardson JD, Holman GD, et al. The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health: a randomized controlled trial in obese adults [Internet]. 2016, March [cited 2020 December 18];103(3):747-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.122044
Moro T, Tinsley G, Bianco A, et al. Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):1–10.
Lecheminant JD, Christenson E, Bailey BW, Tucker LA. Restricting night-time eating reduces daily energy intake in healthy young men: A short-term cross-over study. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(11):2108–13.
Stote KS, Baer DJ, Spears K, et al. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle- aged adults1,2,3. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2020, December,18];85(4):981–8. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/85/4/981/4648934%0Ahttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645638/pdf/nihms45606.pdf
Zaccardi F, Franks PW, Dudbridge F, et al. Mortality risk comparing walking pace to handgrip strength and a healthy lifestyle: A UK Biobank study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;
Blain H, Jaussent A, Picot MC, et al. Effect Of A 6-Month Brisk Walking Program On Walking Endurance In Sedentary And Physically Deconditioned Women Aged 60 Or Older: A Randomized Trial. J Nutr Heal Aging. 2017;21(10):1183–9.
Yap, M. C., Balasekaran, G., & Burns, S. F. Acute effect of 30 min of accumulated versus continuous brisk walking on insulin sensitivity in young Asian adults. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2015;115(9), 1867–1875. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00421-015-3174-0
Feky A. El, Gillies K, Gardner H, et al. A protocol for a systematic review of non- randomised evaluations of strategies to increase participant retention to randomised controlled trials. 2018;1– 7.
Omron Healthcare. Instruction Manual Full Body Sensor Body Composition Monitor and Scale Before Using The Monitor. 2008;1–44. www. omronheatlhcare.com
Zaki MZ, Zambari R, Pheng C, et al. Optimal cut-off levels to define obesity: Body mass index and waist circumference, and their relationship to cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009;18(2), 209–216.
Anton SD, Moehl K, Donahoo WT, et al. Flipping the Metabolic Switch : Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting. 2018;26(2).
Cahill GF. Fuel Metabolism In Starvation. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26:1–22.
Puchalska P, Crawford PA. Multi-dimensional Roles of Ketone Bodies in Fuel Metabolism, Signaling, and Therapeutics. Cell Metab [Internet]. 2017 [cited in 2020, December, 18];25(2):262–84. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.022
Varady KA, Hellerstein MK. Do calorie restriction or alternate-day fasting regimens modulate adipose tissue physiology in a way that reduces chronic disease risk? 2008;66(6):333–42.
Cho AR, Moon JY, Kim S, et al. Effects of alternate day fasting and exercise on cholesterol metabolism in overweight or obese adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Metabolism [Internet]. 2019 [cited in 2020, December, 18];93:52–60. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.002
Brown RE, Canning KL, Fung M, et al. Calorie Estimation in Adults Differing in Body Weight Class and Weight Loss Status. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48(3):521–6.
Kalam F, Gabel K, Cienfuegos S, et al. Alternate day fasting combined with a low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss, weight maintenance, and metabolic disease risk reduction. Obes Sci Pract. 2019;5(6):531–9.
Laurin JL, Reid JJ, Lawrence MM, Miller BF. Long- term aerobic exercise preserves muscle mass and function with age. Curr Opin Physiol [Internet]. 2019 [cited in 2020, December, 18];10:70–4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.04.019