Corn (Zea mays L) Boiled Water Provides Good Evidence for Lowering of Lipid Profile (HDL-C, LDL-C, Triglycerides, and Total Cholesterol) in Dyslipidemia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a significant factor in cardiovascular and other diseases. Corn can be used to treat dyslipidemia. This study is to determine the effect of boiled corn water on levels of HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) in people with dyslipidemia in certain areas in Indonesia. Methods: We used a quasi-ex- perimental pretest-posttest control group design. A sample of 40 people for each group was taken using a purposive sampling technique. The group was given the intervention of corn-boiled water @ 200cc twice daily for seven days. Blood lipid profile using fasting and examined by Fluorometric-enzymatic assay method. All procedures are car- ried out based on operational standards. Within-group comparisons used the Wilcoxon test, while between-group comparisons used the Mann-Whitney U and Independent T-Test. Results: The LDL-C control group experienced an increase of 65.1 mg/dL, and the entire group’s lipid profile variation showed no difference between the pretest and posttest (p>.05). The intervention group showed an increase in HDL-C (0.1 mg/dL), a decrease in LDL-C (30.2 mg/ dL), TG (27.0 mg/dL), and TC (35.6 mg/dL). Within-group comparison of the intervention group showed HDL-C (p.153), LDL-C (p.001), TG (p.023), and TC (p<.001). A between-group comparison showed HDL-C (p.101), LDL-C (p.034), TG (p.003), and TC (p.006). Conclusion: Whole corn boiled water provides good evidence that it is effective in lowering LDL-C, TG, and TC, as well as improving dyslipidemia in HDL-C patients. This intervention can be used as an alternative treatment for dyslipidemia in terms of nutrition.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Pawlak K, Mysliwiec M, Pawlak D. Oxidized LDL to autoantibodies against oxLDL ratio–the new biomarker associated with carotid atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications in dialyzed patients. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224(1):252-7. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.011
World Health Organization W. Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors. The Global Health Observatory Available online: https://www who int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/ GHO/ncd-risk-factors (accessed on 8 November 2022). 2021.
Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, Lim SS, Abate D, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923-94. doi: 10.1016/S0140-
(18)32225-6.
Pirillo A, Casula M, Olmastroni E, Norata GD, Catapano AL. Global epidemiology of dyslipidaemias. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2021;18(10):689-700. doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-
-4.
Al-Kaabba AF, Al-Hamdan NA, El Tahir A, Abdalla AM, Saeed AA, Hamza MA. Prevalence and correlates of dyslipidemia among adults in Saudi Arabia: results from a national survey. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 2012; 2(04):89. 10.4236/ojemd.2012.24014
Gebreegziabiher G, Belachew T, Mehari K, Tamiru D. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors among adult residents of Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0243103. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0243103
Gao H, Wang H, Shan G, Liu R, Chen H, Sun S, et al. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and associated risk factors among adult residents of Shenmu City, China. PloS one. 2021;16(5):e0250573. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250573
Lin C-Y, Xue N, Zhao D, Huang X, Feng Y. Natural Language Understanding and Intelligent Applications: 5th CCF Conference on Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing, NLPCC 2016, and 24th International Conference on Computer Processing of Oriental Languages, ICCPOL 2016, Kunming, China, December 2–6, 2016, Proceedings: Springer; 2016. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50496-4
Kaur H, Aeri BT. Assessing the prevalence of dyslipidemia in apparently healthy urban obese adults residing in South Delhi, India. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan. 2020;15(2):63-70. doi: 10.25182/ jgp.2020.15.2.63-70
Song K, Jeon S, Lee HS, Choi HS, Suh J, Kwon A, et al. Trends of Dyslipidemia in Korean Youth According to Sex and Body Mass Index: Based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2018). The Journal of Pediatrics. 2021;237:71-8. e5. doi: 10.1016/j. jpeds.2021.06.010
Indonesia MoHRo. Basic Health Research 2018 2018 [Available from: https://kesmas.kemkes. go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/ Hasil-riskesdas-2018_1274.pdf.
Bhatia HS, Wilkinson MJ. Lipoprotein (a): Evidence for Role as a Causal Risk Factor in Cardiovascular Disease and Emerging Therapies. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022;11(20):6040. doi: 10.3390/ jcm11206040.
Joint committee for guideline revision. 2016 Chinese guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in adults. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2018;15(1):1-29. doi:10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2018.01.011
Metrics IfH, Evaluation. Global health data exchange: GBD results tool. 2019.
Patel AP, Wang M, Pirruccello JP, Ellinor PT, Ng K, Kathiresan S, et al. Lp (a)(lipoprotein [a]) concentrations and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: new insights from a large national biobank. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2021;41(1):465-74. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315291
Mosca S, Araújo G, Costa V, Correia J, Bandeira A, Martins E, et al. Dyslipidemia Diagnosis and Treatment: Risk Stratification in Children and Adolescents. J Nutr Metab. 2022;2022:4782344. doi: 10.1155/2022/4782344.
Bolli P. Treatment of dyslipidemia: The problem of reachingthegoal.Atherosclerosis.2014;236(1):142-
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.003.
Huriyati E, Kandarina BJI, Faza F. Association of eating pattern and nutritional status with dyslipidemia among adults in Yogyakarta- Indonesia. KnE Life Sciences. 2019:86–96-86–96.
Rose DJ, Inglett GE, Liu SX. Utilisation of corn (Zea mays) bran and corn fiber in the production of food components. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2010;90(6):915-24. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3915
Tian S, Sun Y, Chen Z. Extraction of flavonoids from corn silk and biological activities in vitro. Journal of Food Quality. 2021;2021:1-9. doi: 10.1155/2021/7390425
Tabke M, Sarturi J, Galyean M, Trojan S, Brooks J, Johnson B, et al. Effects of tannic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, digestibility, nitrogen volatilization, and meat lipid oxidation of steers fed steam-flaked corn–based finishing diets. Journal of animal science. 2017;95(11):5124-36. doi: 10.2527/jas2017.1464
Siyuan S, Tong L, Liu R. Corn phytochemicals and their health benefits. Food Sci Human Wellness 7 (3): 185–195. 2018. doi: 10.1016/j. fshw.2018.09.003
Shariati M, Mohamad MT, Hamid RJN. Effect of dietary fish oil and corn oil in blood biochemical factors in diabetic rat. Clinical Biochemistry. 2011;13(44):S133. doi: 10.1016/j. clinbiochem.2011.08.318
Xu F, Xiao Y, Xu M, Liu J, editors. Effects of Dietary Fiber from Corn Husks on Hyperlipidemia prevention in Trans-fatty Acids fed Mice. E3S Web of Conferences; 2020: EDP Sciences. doi: 10.1051/ e3sconf/202018504012
Budiman B, Puspasari RL, editors. Effect of Corn Silk-Boiled Water on Cholesterol Level in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia in Bandung, West Java. 1st International Conference on Public Health 2016; 2016: Sebelas Maret University.
Ostlund RE Jr, Racette SB, Okeke A, Stenson WF. Phytosterols that are naturally present in commercial corn oil significantly reduce cholesterol absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(6):1000-1004. doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1000
Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, Kaden VN, Geiger CJ, Dicklin MR. Corn oil improves the plasma lipoprotein lipid profile compared with extra-virgin olive oil consumption in men and women with elevated cholesterol: results from a randomized controlled feeding trial. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(1):49-57. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2014.10.006
Maki KC, Lawless AL, Kelley KM, et al. Corn oil intake favorably impacts lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein and lipoprotein particle levels compared with extra-virgin olive oil. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2017;71(1):33-38. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2016.169
Maki KC, Hasse W, Dicklin MR, et al. Corn Oil Lowers Plasma Cholesterol Compared with Coconut Oil in Adults with Above-Desirable Levels of Cholesterol in a Randomized Crossover Trial. J Nutr. 2018;148(10):1556-1563. doi:10.1093/jn/
nxy156
Sumarni S, Harnany AS, Hartati H, Fadlilah S. Effect of Sweet Corn (Zea Mays L) on Lipid Profile by Nutritional Status. International Medical Journal. 2022;29(4).
Yanuarti AH. Air Rebusan Jagung (Zea mays) Utuh
Beserta Kulit Menurunkan Kadar Kolesterol Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus). 2014.
Charan J, Biswas T. How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian J Psychol Med. 2013;35(2):121-6.doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.116232
Krauthammer T, Elfahal M, Lim J, Ohno T, Beppu M, Markeset G. Size effect for high-strength concrete cylinders subjected to axial impact. International journal of impact engineering. 2003;28(9):1001-
doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2004.01.010
Li LH, Dutkiewicz EP, Huang YC, Zhou HB, Hsu CC. Analytical methods for cholesterol quantification. J Food Drug Anal. 2019;27(2):375-
doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.001
Cha JH, Kim SR, Kang HJ, Kim MH, Ha AW, Kim WK. Corn silk extract improves cholesterol metabolism in C57BL/6J mouse fed high-fat diets. Nutr Res Pract. 2016;10(5):501-6. doi: 10.4162/ nrp.2016.10.5.501.
Moon M-S, Lee J-H, Lee M-S, Kwun I-S, Chune Y-I, Lee D-H, et al. Effects of Corn Peptide Consumption on Plasma Lipid Profiles in Cholesterol-Fed Rats. Journal of Nutrition and Health. 2006;39(8):728- 32.
Wagner KH, Tomasch R, Elmadfa I. Impact of diets containing corn oil or olive/sunflower oil mixture on the human plasma and lipoprotein lipid metabolism. Eur J Nutr. 2001;40(4):161-167. doi:10.1007/s003940170004
Liu RH. Whole grain phytochemicals and health. Journal of cereal science. 2007;46(3):207-19. doi: 10.1016/j.jcs.2007.06.010
Rouf Shah T, Prasad K, Kumar P. Maize—A potential source of human nutrition and health: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2016;2(1):1166995. doi: 10.1080/23311932.2016.1166995
Kopsell DA, Armel GR, Mueller TC, et al. Increase in nutritionally important sweet corn kernel carotenoids following Mesotrione and atrazine applications. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57(14):6362-6368. doi:10.1021/jf9013313
Lopez-Martinez LX, Oliart-Ros RM, Valerio-Alfaro G, Lee C-H, Parkin KL, Garcia HS. Antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and anthocyanins content of eighteen strains of Mexican maize. LWT- Food Science and Technology. 2009;42(6):1187-
doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.10.010
Ling W, Jones P. Dietary phytosterols: a review of metabolism, benefits and side effects. Life sciences. 1995;57(3):195-206. doi: 10.1016/0024- 3205(95)00263-6.
Hendriks HF, Weststrate JA, van Vliet T, Meijer GW. Spreads enriched with three different levels of vegetable oil sterols and the degree of cholesterol lowering in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999;53(4):319-327. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600728
Ostlund RE, Jr. Phytosterols in human nutrition.Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:533-49. doi: 10.1146/ annurev.nutr.22.020702.075220.
Islam MS, Liu Ja, Jiang L, Zhang C, Liang Q. Folate content in fresh corn: Effects of harvest time, storage and cooking methods. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2021;103:104123. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104123
Zhu X, Chi R, Ma Y. Effects of Corn Varieties and Moisture Content on Mechanical Properties of Corn. Agronomy. 2023;13(2):545. doi: 10.3390/ agronomy13020545
Toxqui L, Vaquero MP. An Intervention with Mineral Water Decreases Cardiometabolic Risk Biomarkers. A Crossover, Randomised, Controlled Trial with Two Mineral Waters in Moderately Hypercholesterolaemic Adults. Nutrients. 2016;8(7):400. Published 2016 Jun 28. doi:10.3390/nu8070400
Sanjari S, Sarhadi H, Shahdadi F. Investigating the effect of Spirulina platensis microalgae on textural and sensory properties of baguette bread. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security. 2018;3(4):218-25. doi: 10.18502/jnfs.v3i4.166
Balder J-W, Rimbert A, Zhang X, Viel M, Kanninga R, van Dijk F, et al. Genetics, lifestyle, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in young and apparently healthy women. Circulation. 2018;137(8):820-31. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032479
Kullawong N, Apidechkul T, Upala P, Tamornpark R, Keawdounglek V, Wongfu C, et al. Factors associated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels among hill tribe people aged 30 years and over in Thailand: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):498. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10577-3