Association between Socio-demographic Factors, Involvement Status in Gardening and Diet Quality among B40 Households in Taman Keramat, Kuala Lumpur
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the livelihood of Malaysians and gardening activities have con- tributed positively to the diet quality. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with diet quality among adults in AU2 Keramat, Kuala Lumpur. Methods: The cross-sectional study involved adults aged 18 to 59 via conve- nience sampling. The socio-demographic, physical activity level and involvement status in gardening were obtained through a questionnaire, while food intake was from a single-day 24-hour diet recall. The diet quality was deter- mined through Malaysian Healthy Eating Index (MHEI) and dietary misreporting was calculated using the Goldberg cut-off method. Results: A total of 117 respondents (65.8% females, 35.2% males) with a mean age of 40.98 were involved in this study. Findings showed that most respondents did not engage in gardening activities (72.6%) and the prevalence of poor diet quality in this study was 89.7%, with a mean score of 44.51. The older respondents (r= 0.20, p= 0.034) and community gardeners (t= -2.63, p= 0.011) had a significantly higher diet quality but not home gardeners (t= 0.12, p= 0.902). The respondents involved in gardening activity also had a significantly higher fruit serving intake, Mann-Whitney U= 1045.00, p= 0.036) and lower total fat intake (t= 2.27, p= 0.025). Conclusion: The diet quality of the respondents remains poor but community gardeners had significantly higher diet quality and fruit intake while lower total fat intake. Interventions need to be developed to address the persistent poor diet quality of adults in the community.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Ahima RS. Does diet quality or nutrient quantity contribute more to health? J Clin Invest. 2019;129(10):3969–3970. doi: 10.1172/JCI131449
Imamura F, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Fahimi S, Shi P, Powles J, Mozaffarian D. Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: A systematic assessment. Lancet Glob Heal. 2015;3(3):e132–e142. doi: 10.1016/S2214- 109X(14)70381-X
Ramadas A, Tham SM, Lalani SA, Shyam S. Diet quality of Malaysians across lifespan: A scoping review of evidence in a multi-ethnic population. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1380. doi: 10.3390/ nu13041380
Ahmad MH, Othman F, Baharudin A, Man CS, Yusuff M, Ambak R, Zaki NAM, Aziz NA, Salleh R. Sodium intake in Malaysian adults: Validation of estimations by dietary and spot urine excretion methods versus 24-hour urine excretion. Int J Allied Heal Sci. 2018;2(3):489–498.
World Health Organization. Prevention of cardiovascular disease: Guidelines for assessment and management of total cardiovascular risk.
Egli V, Oliver M, Tautolo ES. The development of a model of community garden benefits to well- being. Prev Med Reports. 2016;3348–352. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.04.005
Kingsley J, Bailey A, Torabi N, Zardo P, Mavoa S, Gray T, Tracey D, Pettitt P, Zajac N, Foenander E. A systematic review protocol investigating community gardening impact measures. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(18):3430. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16183430
Rezai G, Shamsudin MN, Mohamed Z. Urban agriculture: A way forward to food and nutrition security in Malaysia. Procedia - Soc Behav Sci. 2016;216(October 2015):39–45. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.006
Public Health Law Center. Community Gardening: Policy Reference Guide. Public Health Law Center, Minnesota
Drescher AW, Holmer RJ, Iaquinta DL. Urban homegardens and allotment gardens for sustainable livelihoods: Management strategies and institutional environments. In: Kumar BM, Nair PKR (eds) Trop. Homegardens. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 317–338
Department of Agriculture. About Department of Agriculture. (Internet). 2016 (cited 20 Sep 2021). Available from: http://www.doa.gov.my/index. php/pages/view/510
Department of Agriculture. Program Pembangunan Pertanian Komuniti. (Internet). 2022 (cited 21 Sep 2021). Available from: https://anyflip.com/ihour/ gxhr/basic
World Health Organization. WHO STEPS surveillance manual: the WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. (Internet). World Health Organization; 2005 (cited 13 Oct 2021). Available from: https://apps.who.int/ iris/handle/10665/43376
World Health Organization. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) Analysis Guide. Geneva: World Health Organnization; 2012 (cited 15 Oct 2021). Available from: www.who.int/chp/ steps
International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). 2005;1–15. doi: 10.1107/ S1600536812034848
Suzana S, Rafidah G, Noor Aini MY, Nik Shanita S, Zahara AM, Shahrul Azman MN. Atlas of food exchanges and portion sizes. Kuala Lumpur: MDC Publishers; 2009.
Goldberg GR, Black AE, Jebb SA, Cole TJ, Murgatroyd PR, Coward WA, Prentice AM. Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991;45(12):569–581.
Black AE. Critical evaluation of energy intake using the Goldberg cut-off for energy intake: Basal metabolic rate. A practical guide to its calculation, use and limitations. Int J Obes. 2000;24(9):1119– 1130. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801376
European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for energy. Eur Food Saf Auth J. 2013;11(1):3005.
Ismail MN, Ng KK, Chee SS, Roslee R, Zawiah H. Predictive equations for the estimation of basal metabolic rate in Malaysian adults. Malays J Nutr. 1998;4(1 & 2):81–90.
Chong SP, Appannah G, Sulaiman N. Predictors of diet quality as measured by Malaysian Healthy Eating Index among aboriginal women (Mah Meri) in Malaysia. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):135. doi: 10.3390/nu11010135
Lee TT, Norimah AK, Safiah MY. Development of Healthy Eating Index for Malaysian adults. In: Proc. 26th Sci. Conf. Nutr. Soc. Malaysia. pp 24–25
Goh HW, Norimah AK. Validation of Healthy Eating Index (HEI) for Malaysian adults. In: Proc. 27th Sci. Conf. Nutr. Soc. Malaysia. pp 24–25
National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition. Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 2020. National Coordinating Committee on Food and Nutrition Ministry of Health Malaysia; 2020.
Tee ES, Mohd Ismail N, Mohd Nasir A, Khatijah I. Nutrient composition of Malaysian foods. 1988.
Institute of Nutrition Mahidol University. ASEAN food composition database. Bangkok: Mahidol University; 2014.
Ministry of Health (MOH). Panduan Penyajian Hidangan Sihat Semasa Mesyuarat. Putrajaya: Department of Nutrition Ministry of Health; 2011.
Department of Statistics Malaysia. Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey Report 2019. (Internet). 2019 (cited 26 Feb 2022). Available from: https://www.dosm.gov.my/ v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat= 120&bul_id=TU00TmRhQ1N5TUx H V WN 0 T 2 Vj b X J YZ z 0 9 & m en u _ id = amVoWU54UTl0a21NWmdh MjFMMWcyZz09
Börnhorst C, Huybrechts I, Hebestreit A, Vanaelst B, Molnar D, Bel-Serrat S, Mouratidou T, Moreno LA, Pala V, Eha M. Diet–obesity associations in children: Approaches to counteract attenuation caused by misreporting. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(2):256–266.
Hiza HAB, Casavale KO, Guenther PM, Davis CA. Diet quality of Americans differs by age, sex, race/ ethnicity, income, and education level. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(2):297–306. doi: 10.1016/j. jand.2012.08.011
Nohan AF, Adznam SNA, Jamaluddin R, Norazman CW. Diet quality and its associated factors among community dwelling older adults in urban district in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysian J Med Heal Sci. 2020;16(7):153–162.
Rezali FW, Chin YS, Shariff ZM, Yusof BNM, Sanker K, Woon FC. Evaluation of diet quality and its associated factors among adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Nutr Res Pract. 2015;9(5):511–516. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.5.511
Gicevic S, Gaskins AJ, Fung TT, Rosner B, Sabanovic E, Milesevic J, Kadvan A, Kremic E, Willett W. Demographic and socio-economic predictors of diet quality among adults in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(17):3107–3117. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019001988
de Andrade SC, Previdelli ÁN, Cesar CLG, Marchioni DML, Fisberg RM. Trends in diet quality among adolescents, adults and older adults: A population- based study. Prev Med Reports. 2016;4391–396. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.07.010
Salleh R, Ganapathy SS, Ibrahim Wong N, et al. Is socio-demographic status, body mass index, and consumption of food away from home associated with high sodium intake among adults in Malaysia?: findings from the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS). J Heal Popul Nutr. 2021;40(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s41043-021-00236-z
Popkin BM. Global nutrition dynamics: The world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with non-communicable diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):289–298. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.2.289
Tharrey M, Darmon N. Urban collective garden participation and health: A systematic literature review of potential benefits for free-living adults. Nutr Rev. 2021;80(1):6–21. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/ nuaa147
Gray L, Guzman P, Glowa KM, Drevno AG. Can home gardens scale up into movements for social change? The role of home gardens in providing food security and community change in San Jose, California. Local Environ. 2014;19(2):187–203. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2013.792048
Machida D, Kushida O. The influence of food production experience on dietary knowledge, awareness, behaviors, and health among Japanese: A systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(3):924. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030924
van Lier LE, Utter J, Denny S, Lucassen M, Dyson B, Clark T. Home gardening and the health and well-being of adolescents. Health Promot Pract. 2017;18(1):34–43. doi: 10.1177/15248399166736
Sameeha MJ, Shahimi A, Karim NA. Motivators and barriers towards fruits and vegetables intake among low-income adults in Gombak, Malaysia: A qualitative study. Bul FSK. 2018;2(2):88–99.
Haynes-Maslow L, Auvergne L, Mark B, Ammerman A, Weiner BJ. Low-Income Individuals’ Perceptions About Fruit and Vegetable Access Programs: A Qualitative Study. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2015;47(4):317-324.e1. doi: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jneb.2015.03.005
Ghazali S. House garden as a symbol of place, identity and sense of belonging for low-cost flat residents in urbanising Malaysia. Int J Soc Sci Humanit. 2013;3(2):171–175. doi: 10.7763/ijssh.2013.v3.221
Ismail N, Ab Karim MS, Karim R, Adzahan NM, Abd Halim N. Fruit and vegetable consumption behaviour: A qualitative study of Malay adults in Subang Jaya, Selangor. J Agribus Mark. 2013;6:52– 67.
Reicks M, Trofholz AC, Stang JS, Laska MN. Impact of Cooking and Home Food Preparation Interventions Among Adults: Outcomes and Implications for Future Programs. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2014;46(4):259–276. doi: 10.1016/j. jneb.2014.02.001
Masset E, Haddad L, Cornelius A, Isaza-Castro J. Effectiveness of agricultural interventions that aim to improve nutritional status of children: Systematic review. BMJ. 2012:344. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d8222
Companion M. Buckets of Fun!: Empowering low- income urban Native American youth to make nutritional changes through container gardening. Indig. Policy J. 24:
Palar K, Lemus Hufstedler E, Hernandez K, Chang A, Ferguson L, Lozano R, Weiser SD. Nutrition and health improvements after participation in an urban home garden program. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2019;51(9):1037–1046. doi: 10.1016/j. jneb.2019.06.028
United States Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. The Healthy Eating Index (Internet). Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture;1995 (cited 21 Mar 2022).
European Food Safety Authority. Example of a protocol for identification of misreporting (Under- and over-reporting of energy intake) based on the PILOT-PANEU Project. EFSA J. 2013;111–17.