A Regression Model of Hip Flexion Force of the Dominant Leg Among Malaysian Adults in Standing Posture
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: The disregard for hip flexion force when designing foot-operated equipment poses a potential threat to non-compliance with ergonomics principles, ultimately impacting occupational health. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable lack of studies focusing on the hip flexion strength of Malaysian adults in a standing position. This paper aimed to measure the maximum force of hip flexion strength and formulate a regression model for Malaysian young adults in a standing posture. Materials and methods: The experiment invited sixty Malaysian adults aged 20 to 26 years old. A digital force gauge (Mark-10, USA) was used to measure the hip flexion force. A regression model was developed to determine the influence of gender, body mass, body height, thigh length, and thigh circumference on the hip flexion force. Results: The results of this study found that the means of hip flexion force for the male and female participants were 192.8 N and 126.0 N, respectively. The regression model concluded that gender is the most significant factor influencing hip flexion force (p<0.01). The body mass, body height, thigh length, and thigh circumference positively correlate to hip flexion force. However, these correlations were not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study concluded that the relationship between anthropometric parameters and hip flexion force is not always straightforward and can be influenced by various factors. To gain a more comprehensive picture of hip flexion, it is essential to consider other potential factors such as muscle mass, neuromuscular control, and joint mechanics.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Konrad A, Močnik R, Titze S, Nakamura M, Tilp M, Marín M, et al. The influence of stretching the hip flexor muscles on performance parameters. A systematic review with meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021;18:1936. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041936
Thorp LE. Hip anatomy. Hip Arthroscopy and Hip Joint Preservation Surgery: Second Edition. 2022;3–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43240-9_113.
Zemková E, Zapletalová L. The Role of Neuromuscular Control of Postural and Core Stability in Functional Movement and Athlete Performance. Vol. 13, Frontiers in Physiology. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2022. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.796097
Shahshahani PM, Ashton-Miller JA. On the importance of the hip abductors during a clinical one legged balance test: A theoretical study. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11):e0242454. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242454.
Sugama A, Tonoike Y, Seo A. Investigation of the functional stability limits while squatting. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries. 2020; 30(3):195–203. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.2083.
Odebiyi DO, Okafor UAC, Odebiyi DO, Okafor UAC. Musculoskeletal disorders, workplace ergonomics and injury prevention. Ergonomics - New Insights. 2023. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106031.
Pearse S, Léger M, Albert WJ, Cardoso M. Active workstations: A literature review on workplace sitting. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2024;38:406–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.01.001.
Van de Wijdeven B, Visser B, Daams J, Kuijer PPFM. A first step towards a framework for interventions for individual working practice to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a scoping review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2023 Dec 1;24(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-023-06155-w.
Sadauskaitė-Zarembienė R, Žumbakytė-Šermukšnienė R, Mickevičius M. Differences In Muscle Strength Of The Dominant And Non-Dominant Leg Of High Performance Female Athletes. Balt J Sport Health Sci. 2013;(1):66–71. doi: 10.33607/bjshs.v1i88.148
Prather H, Cheng A. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hip Girdle Pain in the Athlete. PM R. 2016 Mar 1;8(3):S45–60. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.12.009
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: The Economics Daily: 32 percent of nonfatal injuries resulting in days away from work treated in emergency room in 2019 [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2021/32-percent-of-nonfatal-injuries-resulting-in-days-away-from-work-treated-in-emergency-room-in-2019.htm
Social Security Organization of Malaysia (SOCSO) Annual Report. Number of accidents and benefit paid according to location of injury and gender. Social Security Organization of Malaysia, Ministry of Human Resources of Malaysia. [Internet]. 2015. [cited 2023 Aug 8] Available from: https://www.perkeso.gov.my/images/laporan_tahunan/Laporan_Tahunan_2015.pdf
Social Security Organization of Malaysia (SOCSO) Annual Report. Number of accidents and benefit paid according to location of injury and gender. Social Security Organization of Malaysia, Ministry of Human Resources of Malaysia. [Internet]. 2016. [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.perkeso.gov.my/images/laporan_tahunan/LaporanTahunan2016.pdf
Social Security Organization of Malaysia (SOCSO) Annual Report. Number of accidents and benefit paid according to location of injury and gender. Social Security Organization of Malaysia, Ministry of Human Resources of Malaysia. 2017. [Internet] . [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.perkeso.gov.my/images/laporan_tahunan/Laporan_Tahunan2017.pdf
Social Security Organization of Malaysia (SOCSO) Annual Report. Number of accidents and benefit paid according to location of injury and gender. Social Security Organization of Malaysia, Ministry of Human Resources of Malaysia. [Internet]. 2018. [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.perkeso.gov.my/images/laporan_tahunan/LAPORAN%20TAHUNAN%20_ANNUAL%20REPORT%202018.pdf
Social Security Organization of Malaysia (SOCSO) Annual Report. Number of accidents and benefit paid according to location of injury and gender. Social Security Organization of Malaysia, Ministry of Human Resources of Malaysia. [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.perkeso.gov.my/images/laporan_tahunan/AR_2019_FINAL.pdf
Karmegam, Karupiah, Mohd Sapuan Salit, Mohd Yusof Ismail, Napsiah Ismail, Shamsul Bahri, et al. Anthropometry of Malaysian young adults. J Hum Ergol. 2011;40:37–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.11183/jhe.40.37.
Halim I, Saptari A, Perumal P, Abdullah Z, Mafazi NW, Salleh AF, et al. Elbow-Height handle and staggered stance exhibited greatest force in pushing and pulling: A study among Malaysian adults. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 2022;18(5):104–13. doi: 10.47836/mjmhs18.5.15.
Erie ZZ, Aiwa N, Pieter W. Profiling of physical fitness of Malaysian recreational adolescent taekwondo practitioners. In: Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis. [Internet]. 2007. [cited 2023 Aug 8]:57–56. Available from: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/79116926.pdf#page=57.
Msz M, Azhar MN. Relationship between isokinetic leg strength and knee frontal plane projection angle during single leg squat among male junior athletes. JUMMEC. 2019;22(2):43–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.22452/jummec.vol22no2.7.
Donnelly CJ, Reinbolt JA, Weir G, Morgan K, Alderson J. Biomechanics, injury prevention and rehabilitation research: breaking down silos and improving best-practice patient care. Academis.edu. [Internet]. 1999. [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/12475961/Biomechanics_injury_prevention_and_rehabilitation_research_breaking_down_silos_and_improving_best-practice_patient_care.
Pasco JA, Stuart AL, Holloway-Kew KL, Tembo MC, Sui SX, Anderson KB, et al. Lower-limb muscle strength: Normative data from an observational population-based study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-3098-7.
Onggo JD, Onggo JR, Nambiar M, Duong A, Ayeni OR, O’Donnell J, et al. The ‘wave sign’ in hip arthroscopy: a systematic review of epidemiological factors, current diagnostic methods and treatment options. J Hip Preserv Surg. 2021;7(3):410–22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jhps/hnaa058.
Wong SE, Cogan CJ, Zhang AL. Physical examination of the hip: assessment of femoroacetabular impingement, labral pathology, and microinstability. Musculoskeletal Medicine . 2022; 15:38–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-022-09745-8
Chamberlain R. Hip pain in adults - evaluation and differential diagnosis. American Family Physician. [Internet]. 2021. [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.binasss.sa.cr/medintmarzo/ART01.pdf.
Lanzi JT, Svoboda SJ. Hip injuries. Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Military. 2016; 145–52. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2984-9_9.
Size of the labor force in Malaysia in 2022 [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/873525/labor-force-participation-in-malaysia-by-age/.
MS ISO 7250-1:2008 (CONFIRMED:2013) Malaysian standard basic human body measurements for technological design-Part 1: Body measurement definitions and landmarks (First revision) (ISO 7250-1:2008, IDT) Department of Standards Malaysia [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: http://www.sirim.my.
Bogin B, Varela-Silva MI. Leg length, body proportion, and health: A Review with a note on beauty. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2010;7(3):1047–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7031047.
Nevison SE, Jun Y, Dickey JP. The gluteus medius activation in female indoor track runners is asymmetrical and may be related to injury risk. Sport Exerc Med Open J. 2015; 1(1):27–34. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/SEMOJ-1-105.
Hills NF, Graham RB, McLean L. Comparison of trunk muscle function between women with and without diastasis recti abdominis at 1 year postpartum. Phys Ther. 2018; 98(10):891–901. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy083.
Borges VS, Domingues JM, Dias RC, Garcia PA, Dvir Z. Strength and torque consistency of the hip and knee flexors and extensors: A comparative study of elderly and young individuals. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 2015;23(1):45–51. doi: 10.3233/IES-140563.
Tis LL, Perrin DH, Snead DB, Weltman A. Isokinetic strength of the trunk and hip in female runners. Isokinet Exerc Sci. 1991;1(1):22–5. doi: 10.3233/IES-1991-1104.
Jeon IC. Comparison of the isometric hip flexors strength in supine position in subjects with and without weak isometric core strength. Physical Therapy Korea. 2021;28(1):59–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.12674/ptk.2021.28.1.59.
Kim SH, Kwon OY, Park KN, Jeon IC, Weon JH. Lower extremity strength and the range of motion in relation to squat depth. J Hum Kinet. 2015;45(1):59–69. doi: https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.1515/hukin-2015-0007.
Lo Chi-ngai, Chiu Tai-wing Thomas, Cheung Chi-Kong. The effect of passive lumbar mobilization on hip flexor strength - A pilot study. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Theraphy. [Internet]. 2016. [cited 2023 Aug 8].;10(2):81–7. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aksh-Chahal/publication/301704670_Impact_of_Therapeutic_Interventions_in_Patients_of_Osteoporosis/links/60362036299bf1cc26e843a5/Impact-of-Therapeutic-Interventions-in-Patients-of-Osteoporosis.pdf#page=87.
A Williams Andrews, Michael W Thomas, Richard W Bohannon. Normative values for isometric muscle force measurements obtained with hand-held dynamometers. Phys Ther. 1996;76(3):248–59. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/76.3.248.
Ishøi L, Hölmich P, Thorborg K. Measures Of hip muscle strength and rate of force development using a fixated handheld dynamometer: intra-tester intra-day reliability of a clinical set-up. Int J Sports Phys Ther. [Internet]. 2019. [cited 2023 Aug 8];14(5):715–23. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6769277/.
Alvarenga G, Kiyomoto HD, Martinez EC, Polesello G, Alves VL dos S. Normative isometric hip muscle force values assessed by a manual dynamometer. Acta Ortop Bras. 2019;27(2):124–8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220192702202596.
Grunte I, Hunter GR, McCurry BD, Bolding MS, Roy JLP, McCarthy JP. Age and gender differences in hip extension and flexion torque steadiness. Gerontology. 2010 Oct 1;56(6):533–41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1159/000311935.
Lim W. Sex differences in hamstring flexibility changes after specific warm-up. Physical Therapy Korea. 2023; 30(4):275–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.12674/ptk.2023.30.4.275.
Miller AEJ, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky MA, Sale DG. Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993;66(3):254–62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00235103.
Gharahdaghi N, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Atherton PJ. Links between testosterone, oestrogen, and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor axis and resistance exercise muscle adaptations. Front Physiol. 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.621226.
Ten Hoor GA, Plasqui G, Schols AMWJ, Kok G. A benefit of being heavier is being strong: a cross-sectional study in young adults. Sports Med Open. 2018;4(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0125-4.
Law NH, Li JX, Law NY, Varin D, Lamontagne M. Effects of body mass and sex on kinematics and kinetics of the lower extremity during stair ascent and descent in older adults. Sports Medicine and Health Science. 2021;3(3):165–70. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2021.06.001.
Forbes GB. Relation of Lean Body Mass to Height in Children and Adolescents. Pediatric Research. 1972;6(1):32–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1203/00006450-197201000-00005.
Hogrel JY, Decostre V, Alberti C, Canal A, Ollivier G, Josserand E, et al. Stature is an essential predictor of muscle strength in children. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-13-176.
Laubach LL, McConville JT. Muscle strength, flexibility, and body size of adult males. Research Quarterly of the American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 1966;37(3):384–92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10671188.1966.10614765.
Landin D, Thompson M, Reid M. The contribution of the rectus femoris to hip flexion. J Athl Enhancement . 2014;3(2). doi: 10.4172/2324-9080.1000143.
Tetteh E, Wang T, Kim JY, Smith T, Norasi H, Van Straaten MG, et al. Optimizing ergonomics during open, laparoscopic, and robotic-assisted surgery: A review of surgical ergonomics literature and development of educational illustrations. The American Journal of Surgery. 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.11.005.
Barbic S, Brouwer B. Test position and hip strength in healthy adults and people with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(4):784–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.10.020.
Daneshmandi H, Choobineh A, Ghaem H, Karimi M. Adverse Effects of Prolonged Sitting Behavior on the General Health of Office Workers. J Lifestyle Med. 2017 Jul 31;7(2):69–75. doi: 10.15280/jlm.2017.7.2.69
Wilson OWA, Bopp M. College student aerobic and muscle-strengthening activity: the intersection of gender and race/ethnicity among United States students. Journal of American College Health. 2021;71(1):80–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1876709.
McGrath RP, Ottenbacher KJ, Vincent BM, Kraemer WJ, Peterson MD. Muscle weakness and functional limitations in an ethnically diverse sample of older adults. Ethn Health. 2020 Apr 2;25(3):342–53. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1418301
Hanna CM, Fulcher ML, Elley CR, Moyes SA. Normative values of hip strength in adult male association football players assessed by handheld dynamometry. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13:299–303. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.05.001.