Linguistic and Content Validation of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) 3.0 in Three Languages
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: A stroke can have devastating consequences and may reduce the Quality of Life (QoL) of stroke survivors. Specific QoL measurement is therefore needed to appreciate and quantify the impact of this condition. The objective of the study is to culturally adapt, translate and validate the Bahasa Melayu, Mandarin and Tamil versions of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) 3.0 for its application in clinical practice and stroke research in Malaysia. Methods: A total of nine translators translated the SIS 3.0 and five professional experts carried out the linguistic validation of the SIS 3.0 in accordance with the Mapi Research Institute’s linguistic validation guideline. The steps for linguistic validation included forward translation, synthesis, backward translation, clinicians’ review, and cognitive debriefing. Ten to thirteen healthcare practitioners rated the translated versions of SIS 3.0 using the Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Results: During the translation processes, concerns were expressed about various grammatical and semantic issues, such as the appropriateness of some phrases used for the Malaysian demographic. The Scale-CVI average was 0.91 and 0.95 for relevance and clarity respectively which indicated excellent content validity. The CVR values ranged from 0.40 to 1.00. Conclusion: The Bahasa Melayu, Mandarin and Tamil versions of SIS 3.0 was well developed. The translated versions of SIS 3.0 could be adopted in clinical, community and educational settings. Nevertheless, further in-depth psychometric testing including construct validity and reliability on a larger sample among the multi-ethic Malaysians stroke survivors is advised.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Institute for Public Health. Malaysia burden of disease and injury study 2009-2014. Kuala Lumpur: Ministry of Health; 2017.
Aziz ZA, Lee YYL, Ngah BA, Sidek NN, Looi I, Hanip MR, et al. Acute stroke registry Malaysia, 2010-2014: results from the national neurology registry. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015; 24(12):2701-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.07.025.
Jonsson A, Lindgren I, Hallstrom B, Norrving B, Lindgren A. Determinants of quality of life in stroke survivors and their informal caregivers. Stroke. 2005;36(4):803-8. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000160873.32791.20
Teasell R, Salbach N, Foley N, Mountain A, Cameron JI, Jong A, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: rehabilitation, recovery, and community participation following stroke. part one: rehabilitation and recovery following stroke; 6th edition update 2019. Int J Stroke. 2020; 15(7):763-88. doi: 10.1177/1747493019897843.
Doyle P. Measuring health outcomes in stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002; 83(2):39-43. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2002.36838.
Tse T, Douglas J, Lentin P, Carey L. Measuring participation after stroke: a review of frequently used tools. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013; 94(1):177-92. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.09.002.
Choi S, Lee H, Shin J, Ho SH, Koo MJ, Park KH, et al. Stroke Impact Scale 3.0: reliability and validity evaluation of the Korean version. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017; 41(3):387-93. doi: 10.5535/arm.2017.41.3.387.
Hamza A, Nabilla A, Loh S. Evaluation of quality of life among stroke survivors: linguistic validation of the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) 3.0 in Hausa language. J Nig Soc Physiother. 2012; 20:52-59.
Kamwesiga J, Koch L, Kottorp A, Guidetti S. Cultural adaptation and validation of Stroke Impact Scale 3.0 version in Uganda: A small scale study. SAGE Open Med. 2016; 4:1-10. doi: 10.1177/2050312116671859.
Aziz AA, Nordin NM, Muhd N, Sulong S, Aljunid M. The integrated care pathway for managing post stroke patients (iCaPPS©) in public primary care healthcentres in Malaysia: impact on quality adjusted life years (QALYs) and cost effectiveness analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2020; 20(70). doi: 10.1186/s12877-020-1453-z.
Khaw W, Hassan SS, Lye M, Ismail S, Raman AR, Ibrahim F. Depression, anxiety and quality of life in stroke survivors and their family caregivers: A pilot study using an actor/partner interdependence model. Electron Physician. 2017; 9(8):4924-33. doi: 10.19082/4924.
Nordin NM, Aziz NA, Sulong S, Aljunid SM. Functional limitation and health-related quality of life, and associated factors among long term stroke survivors in a Malaysian community. Med J Malaysia. 2016; 71(6):313-21.
Omar N, Nordin NM, Chai S, Aziz AA. Functionality among stroke survivors with upper limb impairment attending community-based rehabilitation. Med J Malaysia. 2020; 75(2):146-151.
Azlin MN, Rizal AM, Wei Bi L. Health related quality of life (HRQOL) among stroke survivors attending rehabilitation centres in Selangor.Jurnal Kesihatan Masyarakat. 2009; 15(2):83-90.
Ahmad MA, Singh DKA, Mohd Nordin NA, Khor HW, Ibrahim N. Virtual reality games as an adjunct in improving upper limb function and general health among stroke survivors. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(1):5144. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16245144.
Tey NP, Siraj S, Kamaruzzaman SB, Chin AV, Tan MP, Sinnappan GS, et al. Aging in multi-ethnic Malaysia. Gerontologist. 2016; 56(4):603-9. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnv153.
Hwong W, Ang S, Bots M, Sivasampu S, Selvarajah S, Law WC, et al. Trends of stroke incidence and 28-day all-cause mortality after a stroke in Malaysia: a linkage of national data sources. Glob Heart. 2021; 16(1):39. doi: 10.5334/gh.791.Wilson E, Chen A, Grumbach K, Wang, F, Fernandez, A. Effects of limited English proficiency and physician language on health care comprehension. J Gen Intern Med. 2005; 20(9):800-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0174.x
Duncan P, Wallace D, Lai S, Johnson D, Embreston, S, Laster LJ. The Stroke Impact Scale Version 2.0: evaluation of reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. Stroke. 1999; 30:2131-140. doi: 10.1161/01.str.30.10.2131.
Duncan PW, Bode RK, Lai SM, Perera S, Glycine Antagonist in Neuroprotection Americans Investigators. Rasch analysis of a new stroke specific outcome scale: the Stroke Impact Scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003; 84:950-63. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00035-2.
Lai S, Studenski S, Duncan P, Perera S. Persisting consequences of stroke measured by the Stroke Impact Scale. Stroke. 2002; 33:1840-4. doi: 10.1161/01.str.0000019289.15440.f2.
Jenkinson C, Fitzpatrick R, Crocker H, Peters M. The Stroke Impact Scale: validation in a UK setting and development of a SIS short form and SIS index. Stroke. 2013; 44:2532-5. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.001847
Duncan P, Lai S, Bode R, Perera S, DeRosa J. Development of the SIS-16 and comparison with the Barthel Index. Neurology. 2002; 60(2):291-6. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000041493.65665.d6.
Vellone E, Serenella S, Roberta F, Dickson VV, Melkus GD, Carod-Artal FJ. Psychometric evaluation of the Stroke Impact Scale 3.0. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2015; 30(3):229-41. doi: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000145.
Carod-Artal FJ, Coral LF, Trizotto DS, Moreira CM. The Stroke Impact Scale 3.0 evaluation of acceptability, reliability, and validity of the Brazilian version. Stroke. 2008; 39:2477-84. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.513671.
Lin KC, Fu T, Wu CY, Hsieh YW, Chen CL, Lee PC. Psychometric comparisons of the Stroke Impact Scale 3.0 and Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale. Qual Life Res. 2010; 19:435-43. doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9597-5.
Lee H, Song J. The Korean language version of Stroke Impact Scale 3.0: Cross-cultural adaptation and translation. J Korean Soc Phys Med. 2015; 10(3):47-55. doi: 10.13066/kspm.2015.10.3.47
Brandao AD, Teixeira NB, Brandao MC, Vidotto MC, Jardim JR, Gazzotti MR. Translation and cultural adaptation of the stroke impact scale 2.0 (SIS): a quality-of-life scale for stroke. Sao Paulo Med J. 2018; 136(2):144-49. doi: 10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0114281017.
Diwan S, Shah Z, Joshi P. Validation of Gujarati Translated Version of Stroke Impact Scale. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2018; 12(8):13-6. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2018/28115.11913
Ainuddin H, Romli M, Salim M, Hamid T, Din HM, Mackenzie L. Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Reliability of the Home Falls and Accidents Screening Tool (HOME FAST) in Assessing FallsRisk Home Hazards for Stroke using Technologies over a Conventional Home Visit. Occup Ther Int. 2022; 6044182. doi: 10.1155/2022/6044182.
Acquadro C, Conway K, Girourdet C, Mear I. Linguistic validation manual for patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instruments. Lyon, France: MAPI Research Trust; 2004.
Lynn M. Determination and quantification of content validity. Nurs Res. 1986; 35:382-85.
Lawshe C. A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers Psychol. 1975; 28(4):563-75.
Polit D, Beck C. The content validity index: are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2006; 29(5):489-97. doi: 10.1002/nur.20147.
Polit D, Beck C, Owen S. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2007; 30:459-67. doi: 10.1002/nur.20199.
Wynd C, Schmidt B, Schaefer M. Two quantitative approaches for estimating content validity. West J Nurs Res. 2003; 25:508-18. doi: 10.1177/0193945903252998.
Zamanzadeh V, Ghahramanian A, Rassouli M, Abbaszadeh A, Alavi-Majd H, Nikanfar A. Design and implementation content validity study: development of an instrument for measuring patient-Centered Communication. J. Caring Sci. 2015; 4(2):165-78. doi:10.15171/jcs.2015.017
Fleiss J. Statistical methods for rates and proportions. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1981.
Cicchetti D, Sparrow S. Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items: application to assessment of adaptive behaviour. Am J Ment Defic. 1981; 86:127-37.
Harzing A, Reiche B, Pudelko M. Challenges in international survey research: a review with illustrations and suggested solutions for best practice. Eur J Int Manag. 2013; 7(1):112-34. doi: 10.1504/EJIM.2013.052090
Ee S, Loh S, Chinna K, Marret M. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the malay version of the Short Sensory Profile. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2016; 36(2):117-30. doi: 10.3109/01942638.2015.1040574.
Asmuri S, Brown T, Broom L. Translation, validation, and adaptation of the Time Use Diary from English into the Malay language for use in Malaysia. Occup Ther Health Care. 2016; 30(3):289-308.
Asmuri S, Kadar M, Razob N, Chui C, Rasdi HM, Arifin N. Cultural adaptation and validation of the Performance Assessment of Self-care Skills among older people in community. JSKM. 2021; 19(2):128-38. doi: 10.1080/07380577.2016.1183066.
Ahmad N, Kadar M, Chui C, Rasdi HM, Razaob@Razab N, Harun D. Adaptation, validation andreliability testing of sensory processing measure home form malay version for children with autism. JSKM. 2020; 18(1):37-45. doi: 10.17576/jskm2020-1801-06
Callebaut L, Molyneux P, Alexander T. The relationship between self-blame for the onset of a chronic physical health condition and emotional distress: a systematic literature review. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2017; 24(4):965-86. doi: 10.1002/cpp.2061.
Omar S, Omar S. Malaysian Heritage Food (MHF): A review on its unique food culture, tradition and present lifestyle. IJHAM. 2018; 1(3):1-15.
Murachi T. Taking off shoes to enter Japanese houses- why? Perspect Biol Med. 1989; 32(3):385-6. doi: 10.1353/pbm.1989.0046