Exposure Risk of Household Insecticide: Identification of the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Levels among Kuantan Population, Pahang
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: Dengue is a mosquito-borne flu-like illness which massively caused Malaysian morbidity and mortality. The prevalent of cases influenced by high humidity climate and urbanization which enhances the mosquito breeding. Thus, the utilization of household insecticide became a necessity among the urban community especially in the Kuantan city, Pahang. The insecticide is made of type 1 pyrethroids chemicals that are recognized to be safe. However, there were reported insecticide intoxication cases that suggested insufficient studies on insecticide usage and its exposure effects. Hence, the study aimed to assess the community’s knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) level upon household insecticide and its associated factors among Kuantan’s public. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 199 respondents via a self-administered questionnaire concerning sociodemographic and KAP’s domain data was distributed and collected. Results: Most respondents had adequate KAP scores. Statistical analysis confirmed that marital status group (p = 0.047) affected knowledge singles and married person had higher knowledge score. There were significant association between females with levels of knowledge (p = 0.003) and attitude (p = 0.024). A strong positive correlation between knowledge and attitude (r = + 0.800, p = 0.010), between knowledge and practice (r = + 0.760, p = 0.010), and a good positive correlation between attitude and practice (r = + 0.740, p = 0.010). Conclusion: The finding of Kuantan public’ KAP data can be used as a reference to formulate effective health promotion intervention to reduce the insecticide exposure risk among wider public community.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Hassan SH, Daud NM, Fauzi MA, Halim MZBA. Development of Cleanliness Framework for Malaysian Construction Industry. 2018.
Hanim A, Razman M, Jamalludin A, Nasreen E, Phyu HM, SweSwe L, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue among adult population in Felda Sungai Pancing Timur, Kuantan, Pahang. International Medical Journal Malaysia. 2017;16(2).
Malaysia Ministry of Health. Malaysia Dengue Incidence Rate & Cases for 2019. Idengue: Malaysia Ministry of Health (MOH); 2020. p. http://idengue. arsm.gov.my/pdf/statistik.pdf#page=3.
Shahrinnahar L. Pahang records 809 dengue cases this year. New Straits Times, New Straits Times Press Media Prima; 2018.
Al-Dubai SAR, Ganasegeran K, Alwan MR, Alshagga MA, Saif-Ali R. Factors affecting dengue fever knowledge, attitudes and practices among selected urban, semi-urban and rural communities in Malaysia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2013;44(1):37.
Ong S-Q. Dengue vector control in Malaysia: A review for current and alternative strategies. Sains Malaysiana. 2016;45(5):777-85.
Gupta A. Pesticide use in South and South-East Asia: environmental public health and legal concerns. American Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2012;8(2):152.
Snr S, Norma-Rashid Y, Sofian-Azirun M. Mosquitoes larval breeding habitat in urban and suburban areas, Peninsular Malaysia. World Acad Sci Eng Technol. 2011;58(58):569-73.
Organization WH. The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 2009. 2010.
Damalas CA, Eleftherohorinos IG. Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2011;8(5):1402-19.
Zoubiri S. Chemical characteristics of aerosol insecticide deposition in indoor surfaces. Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 2011;4(2):153-8.
Koureas M, Tsakalof A, Tsatsakis A, Hadjichristodoulou C. Systematic review of biomonitoring studies to determine the association between exposure to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides and human health outcomes. Toxicology letters. 2012;210(2):155-68.
Gupta RC, Milatovic D. Insecticides. Biomarkers in toxicology: Elsevier; 2014. p. 389-407.
Cha YS, Kim H, Cho NH, Jung WJ, Kim YW, Kim TH, et al. Pyrethroid poisoning: features and predictors of atypical presentations. Emerg Med J. 2013:emermed-2013-202908.
Bradberry SM, Cage SA, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA. Poisoning due to pyrethroids. Toxicological reviews. 2005;24(2):93-106.
Emara AM, Draz EI. Immunotoxicological study of one of the most common over-the-counter pyrethroid insecticide products in Egypt. Inhalation toxicology. 2007;19(12):997-1009.
Loroño‐Pino MA, Chan-Dzul YN, Zapata-Gil R, Carrillo-Solís C, Uitz-Mena A, García-Rejón JE, et al. Household use of insecticide consumer products in a dengue‐endemic area in México. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2014;19(10):1267-75.
Nielsen SS, McKean-Cowdin R, Farin FM, Holly EA, Preston-Martin S, Mueller BA. Childhood brain tumors, residential insecticide exposure, and pesticide metabolism genes. Environmental health perspectives. 2010;118(1):144.
Refaie AAE-R, Ramadan A, Mossa A-TH. Oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity induced by prallethrin in rat and the protective effect of Origanum majorana essential oil. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine. 2014;7:S506-S13.
Ahmad WMAW, Amin WAAWM, Aleng NA, Mohamed N. Some practical guidelines for effective sample-size determination in observational studies. Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology. 2012;1(2).
Rajasuriar R, Awang R, Hashim S, Rahmat H. Profile of poisoning admissions in Malaysia. Human & experimental toxicology. 2007;26(2):73-81.
Karunamoorthi K, Yirgalem A. Insecticide risk indicators and occupational insecticidal poisoning in indoor residual spraying. Health Scope. 2013;1(4):165-72.
Norsa’adah B. Univarable Analyses Using IBM SPSS Statistic Version 2.0. Kota Bahru, Kelantan:: School of Medical Sciences, University Science of Malaysia.; 2013.
Awad OMAH, Bashir NHH, Eltayeb FAEHE. Knowledge, attitude and practices among malaria control program spray-workers in Gezira state, central Sudan, towards the use, application and hazards of insecticides. 2017.
Karimah HA, Razman M, Jamalludin A, Nasreen E, Phyu HM, SweSwe L, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice on dengue among adult population in Felda Sungai Pancing Timur, Kuantan, Pahang. IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia. 2017;16(2).
Nalwanga E, Ssempebwa JC. Knowledge and practices of in-home pesticide use: a community survey in Uganda. Journal of environmental and public health. 2011;2011.
Dickin SK, Schuster-Wallace CJ, Elliott SJ. Mosquitoes & vulnerable spaces: Mapping local knowledge of sites for dengue control in Seremban and Putrajaya Malaysia. Applied Geography. 2014;46:71-9.
Iftikhar B, Khan SA, Arif A, Ishtiaq M, Bashirullah
N. Knowledge and practice of general population regarding vector borne diseases Journal Of Medical Sciences. 2016;24(3):185-9.
Hamid M, Lugova H, Mon A, Knight V. Awareness and practice related to dengue infection among military cadets in Malaysia. J Behav Health. 2015;4(2):1.
Hénault-Ethier L, Soumis N, Bouchard M. Health and environmental impactsof pyrethroid insecticides: What we know, what we don’t know and whatwe should do about it. Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement DdSdlT, editor. Montreal , CANADA: Département des Sciences de la Terre,; 2016 18 January 2016.
Wong LP, Shakir SMM, Atefi N, AbuBakar S. Factors affecting dengue prevention practices: nationwide survey of the Malaysian public. PloS one. 2015;10(4).
Soe Z, Shwe WH. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Insecticide Treated Nets in Myanmar. International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health. 2013;5(6):0-.
Yang YC, Boen C, Gerken K, Li T, Schorpp K, Harris KM. Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016;113(3):578-83.
Azfar M, Omarulharis S, Azfar H, Maryam A, Hafizah S, Adibah B, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice of dengue prevention among sub urban community in Sepang, Selangor. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences. 2017;4(2):73-83.
Mia MS, Er A, Pereira JJ. Identifying the sources of dengue infection and prevention practices at household level in Seremban District, Malaysia. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 2017;10(5):238-44.
English K, Li Y, Jagals P, Ware RS, Wang X, He C, et al. Development of a questionnaire-based insecticide exposure assessment method and comparison with urinary insecticide biomarkers in young Australian children. Environmental research. 2019;178:108613.
Ek S. Gender differences in health information behaviour: a Finnish population-based survey. Health promotion international. 2015;30(3):736- 45.
Mahgroub MM, Azrag NE. Impact of Attitude and Knowledge of Insecticide Safety Household and Spray-Men on Gambiae Control Project Area Northern State, Sudan. International Journal of Zoology and Research (IJZR), 2018 8 (1). 2018:10.
Tomass Z, Alemayehu B, Balkew M, Leja D. Knowledge, attitudes and practice of communities of Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia about long-lasting insecticidal nets and evaluation of net fabric integrity and insecticidal activity. Parasites & vectors. 2016;9(1):224.
Ahmed OO, Fasilat DO. Gender perception on the health and environmental hazards of pesticide usage among cocoa farmers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Health and Environmental Research. 2017;3(1):1-7.
Riccò M, Vezzosi L, Gualerzi G. Health and safety of pesticide applicators in a high income agricultural setting: a knowledge, attitude, practice, and toxicity study from North-Eastern Italy. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene. 2018;59(3):E200.
Abdollahzadeh G, Sharifzadeh MS, Damalas CA. Perceptions of the beneficial and harmful effects of pesticides among Iranian rice farmers influence the adoption of biological control. Crop Protection. 2015;75:124-31.
Wang W, Jin J, He R, Gong H. Gender differences in pesticide use knowledge, risk awareness and practices in Chinese farmers. Science of the Total Environment. 2017;590:22-8.
Millet M. Home Air Quality. Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry. 73: Elsevier; 2016. p. 543-62.
Sharifzadeh MS, Abdollahzadeh G, Damalas CA, Rezaei R. Farmers’ criteria for pesticide selection and use in the pest control process. Agriculture. 2018;8(2):24.
Potter PA, Perry AG, Stockert P, Hall A. Fundamentals of Nursing-E-Book: Elsevier health sciences; 2016.
Mazlan SMB, How V. Beyond Self-Report or Reality: The Health Symptoms and The Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pesticide Usage among Estate Workers in Oil Palm Plantations, Malaysia. Journal of Occupational Safety and Health. 2017:1.
Mohd TSB. Occupational Safety and Health in Commodity Agriculture: Case Studies from Malaysia Agriculture Perspective. Universiti Putra Malaysia. 2014.
Al-Dubai S, Ganasegeran K, Mohanad Rahman A, Alshagga MA, Saif-Ali R. Factors affecting dengue fever knowledge, attitudes and practices among selected urban, semi-urban and rural communities in Malaysia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2013;44(1):37-49.
Manzoor S, Afzal M, Hussain M, Gila SA. Knowledge Attitude and Practice towards Dengue Fever Prevention among Adult Population of Rural Area of Lahore Pakistan. International/ournal of Scientific c Engineering Research. 2018;9(5).