Stress at the Helm: the Prevalence and Key Risk Factors of Occupational Stress Among Port Workers in the Port Terminal Industry
Main Article Content
Abstract
Introduction: In Malaysia, there is a lack of data on the prevalence of occupational stress among port terminal workers. The study’s goal was to find out how common and risky occupational stress was for those who worked at the port terminal. Methods: Designing a cross sectional structure was done at the port terminal. In order to determine the prevalence of occupational stress, the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) assesses four factors: social support, job uncertainty, psychological job demands, and decision latitude. Results: A remarkable 68.8 percent of workers reported experiencing some form of work-related stress, indicating a high level of occupational stress in the workplace. The age factor has shown a significant association with work-related stress among the sociodemographic factors (p-value =0.038). Social support (p-value =0.01), task (p-value =0.00), exposure (p-value =0.02), skilled work (p-value = 0.04), and organizational culture (p-value =0.00), and company culture were all found to be significantly linked to the risk of occupational stress. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the alarming prevalence of occupational stress among Malaysian port terminal employees. The identified factors, including age, social support, task-related aspects, exposure levels, specialized work involvement, and organizational culture, play crucial roles in defining the risk of occupational stress in this context. These results not only contribute to the current understanding of the issue, but also provide important insights for future research and interventions aimed at addressing and mitigating occupational stress among port workers.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Lastovkova A, Carder M, Rasmussen HM, Sjoberg L, Groene GJ, Sauni R, Vevoda J, Vevodova S, Lasfargues G, Svartengren M, Varga M, Colosio C, Pelclova D. Burnout syndrome as an occupational disease in the European Union: an exploratory study. Ind Health. 2018;56(2):160-165. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0132.
Spielberger CD, Reheiser EC. Measuring occupational stress: The job stress survey. In Occupational stress 2020 Oct 28 (pp. 51-69). CRC Press..
Metzler YA, von Groeling-Müller G, Bellingrath S. Better safe than sorry: Methods for risk assessment of psychosocial hazards. Safety science. 2019;114:122-39.doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.01.003
Rezaeian N, Tang L, Hardie M. Psychosocial hazards and risks in the construction industry in new south wales, australia. 2021. doi: 10.31705/WCS.2021.42
Lazarus RS. Psychological stress in the workplace. In Occupational stress 2020 Oct 28 (pp. 3-14). CRC Press.
Cox T, Kuk G, Leiter MP. Burnout, health, work stress, and organizational healthiness. InProfessional burnout 2017 Jun 26 (pp. 177-193). Routledge.
Magnusson Hanson LL, Westerlund H, Chungkham HS, Vahtera J, Rod NH, Alexanderson K, Goldberg M, Kivimäki M, Stenholm S, Platts LG, Zins M, Head J. Job strain and loss of healthy life years between ages 50 and 75 by sex and occupational position: analyses of 64 934 individuals from four prospective cohort studies. Occup Environ Med. 2018;75(7):486-493. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104644. .
Madsen IEH, Nyberg ST, Magnusson Hanson LL, et al. Job strain as a risk factor for clinical depression: systematic review and meta-analysis with additional individual participant data. Psychol Med. 2017;47(8):1342-1356. doi:10.1017/S003329171600355X
Rahmatdin MN, Rahman NS, Othman MK. An empirical study on the current feeder shipping network patterns among Malaysian feeder service providers. The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics. 2017;33(4):177-88. doi: 10.1016/j.ajsl.2017.12.001
Hamka MA. Safety risks assessment on container terminal using hazard identification and risk assessment and fault tree analysis methods. Procedia engineering. 2017;194:307-14. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.150.
de la Peña Zarzuelo I, Soeane MJ, Bermúdez BL. Industry 4.0 in the port and maritime industry: A literature review. Journal of Industrial Information Integration. 2020;20:100173. doi: 10.1016/j.jii.2020.100173
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD. Shanghai tops ranking of world’s best-connected ports. 2022. https://unctad.org/news/shanghai-tops-ranking-worlds-best-connected-ports.
Jayasingam S, Omar S, Mustamil NM, Hashim RC, Bakar RA. Supporting and Sustaining Well-Being in the Workplace: Insights from a Developing Economy. Emerald Publishing Limited; 2020
Mohamed AF, Isahak M, Awg Isa MZ, Nordin R. The effectiveness of workplace health promotion program in reducing work-related depression, anxiety and stress among manufacturing workers in Malaysia: mixed-model intervention. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2022;95(5):1113-1127. doi:10.1007/s00420-022-01836-w.
Edimansyah BA, Rusli BN, Naing L, Mazalisah M. Reliability and construct validity of the Malay version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health.2006;37(2):412-416.
Alias AN, Yaakub N, Baharuddin MR, Noor MA. Determinants Of Occupational Stress In Container Port Industry–An Application Of Structural Equation Modelling Approach. Journal of Positive School Psychology. 2022;6(7):5434-46.
Karasek Jr RA. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative science quarterly. 1979;24(2):285-308. doi: 10.2307/2392498
Karasek R. Job content questionnaire. Los Angeles: University of Southern California. 1985
Azizah A, Rozainee K, Nada I, Norhafizah Z. The prevalence of occupational stress and its association with socio-demographic factors among lecturers in a private university in Malaysia. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences. 2016;3(4):63-70.
Sekaran U, Bougie R. Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach (5th edition). New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.2010
Weine SM, Langenecker S, Arenliu A. Global mental health and the National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2018;64(5):436-442. doi:10.1177/0020764018778704
Theorell T. The demand control support work stress model. Handbook of Socioeconomic Determinants of Occupational Health: From Macro-level to Micro-level Evidence. 2020:339-53.
Luo Z, Bai X, Min R, Tang C, Fang P. Factors influencing the work passion of Chinese community health service workers: an investigation in five provinces. BMC Fam Pract. 2014;15:77. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-15-77.
Yakub NW, Sidik SM. Prevalence and contributing factors of job strain among crane operators in a port container terminal in Malaysia. Malays. J. Med. Health Sci. 2014;10(2):8.
Yasin NH, Rahim MA, Hasbollah HR, Razak RC, Rashid AF, Nor MA, Jamaludin MR. Job Demands, Job Resources and Job Stress among Staff in Malaysia Nursing Home. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2019;10(11):2298. doi: 10.5958/0976-5506.2019.03947.0.
Wang H. The impact of social support on work stress and job burnout. School of Business, Emporia State University (USA). 2015;1-30
Abdul Rahman H, Abdul-Mumin K, Naing L. Psychosocial factors, musculoskeletal disorders and work-related fatigue amongst nurses in Brunei: structural equation model approach. Int Emerg Nurs. 2017;34:17-22. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2017.04.001.
Yıldırım N, Karaca A, Cangur S, Acıkgoz F, Akkus D. The relationship between educational stress, stress coping, self-esteem, social support, and health status among nursing students in Turkey: A structural equation modeling approach. Nurse Educ Today. 2017;48:33-39. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.014
Azma K, Hosseini A, Safarian MH, Abedi M. Evaluation of the Relationship Between Musculoskeletal Discomforts and Occupational Stressors Among Nurses. N Am J Med Sci. 2015;7(7):322-327. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.161250.
Ataro Z, Geremew A, Urgessa F. Occupational health risk of working in garages: comparative study on blood pressure and hematological parameters between garage workers and Haramaya University community, Harar, eastern Ethiopia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2018;11:35-44. doi:10.2147/RMHP.S154611