Knowledge, Awareness on Breast Cancer, and Practice of Breast Self-examination Using Virtual Reality Among Community in Kuantan: A Cross-sectional Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
The World Health Organization Global Breast Cancer Initiative aims to prevent 2.5 million breast cancer deaths worldwide between 2020 and 2040. Recently, virtual reality (VR) has been deemed to be a promising tool to improve public awareness of breast cancer through immersive experiences. This study aimed to provide baseline information on the level of knowledge and awareness of breast cancer as well as the practice of breast self-examination using VR among the community near the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan Campus. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among Kuantan residents, consisting of university staff, students, and the general population through convenience sampling (n = 64). A set of questionnaires was pre-tested among 18 Kuantan residents and was later utilised for the preliminary findings. The data obtained was analysed using SPSS version 28. Results: The content validation index was 97.5% with a reliability of 0.89. The median age of the respondents was 22.00 (3), female (82.8%), Malay (93.8%), and non-married (90.6%). The median score for knowledge of breast cancer risk factors was 13.00 (3), knowledge regarding breast cancer signs and symptoms was 9.00 (2), awareness of breast cancer and breast self-examination was 77.00 (20), and the practice of breast self-examination was 64.00 (36). Conclusion: These preliminary findings revealed that the majority of the respondents possessed an above-satisfactory level of knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, signs and symptoms, as well as a moderate practice of breast self-examination. The findings of this study suggest that the VR approach to breast cancer awareness programmes has the potential to increase public awareness of breast cancer.
Downloads
Article Details
References
World Health Organization. World Health Organization. 2024 [cited 2024 Aug 20]. Breast cancer. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/breast-cancer
Manan AA, Hashimah B, Nirmal K, Nabihah A, Sukumaran R, Balqis B, et al. Malaysia National Cancer Registry. 2019.
Al-Ismaili Z, Al-Nasri K, Al-Yaqoobi A, Al-Shukaili A. Awareness of breast cancer risk factors, symptoms and breast self-examination among omani female teachers: A cross-sectional study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2020 May 1;20(2):194–201. doi 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.02.010.
Ewaid SH, Al-Azzawi LHA. Breast cancer risk assessment by Gail Model in women of Baghdad. Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 2017 Jun 1;53(2):183–6. doi 10.1016/j.ajme.2016.09.001.
Kharaba Z, Buabeid MA, Ramadan A, Ghemrawi R, Al-Azayzih A, Al Meslamani AZ, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Concerning Breast Cancer and Self Examination Among Females in UAE. J Community Health. 2021 Oct 1;46(5):942–50. doi 10.1007/s10900-021-00969-2.
Dadzi R, Adam A. Assessment of knowledge and practice of breast self-examination among reproductive age women in Akatsi South district of Volta region of Ghana. PLoS One. 2019 Dec 1;14(12). doi 10.1371/journal. pone.0226925.
Dagne AH, Ayele AD, Assefa EM. Assessment of breast self- examination practice and associated factors among female workers in Debre Tabor Town public health facilities, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018: Cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2019 Aug 1;14(8). doi 10.1371/ journal.pone.0221356.
Farsi NJ, Al-Wassia R, Merdad L. Do men and women in Saudi Arabia have the same level of awareness and knowledge of breast cancer? A cross-sectional study. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy. 2020;12:131–9. doi 10.2147/BCTT.S262544.
Funga ML, Dilebo ZD, Shuramo AG, Bereku T. Assessing breast cancer awareness on reproductive age women in West Badewacho Woreda, Hadiyya Zone, South Ethiopia; Community based cross- sectional study. PLoS One. 2022 Jul 1;17(7 July). doi 10.1371/ journal.pone.0270248.
Hamed E, Alemrayat B, Syed MA, Daher-Nashif S, Rasheed HMA, Kane T. Breast Cancer Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices amongst Women in Qatar. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 1;19(7). doi 10.3390/ ijerph19073995.
Prusty RK, Begum S, Patil A, Naik DD, Pimple S, Mishra G. Increasing breast cancer awareness and breast examination practices among women through health education and capacity building of primary healthcare providers: A pre-post intervention study in low socioeconomic area of Mumbai, India. BMJ Open. 2021 Apr 27;11(4):e045424. doi 10.1136/bmjopen-2020- 045424.
Zaleha Abdullah Mandy. Integrating virtual reality into clinical training in Malaysia. StarHealth. 2023.
Please H, Narang K, Bolton W, Nsubuga M, Luweesi H, Richards NB, et al. Virtual reality technology for surgical learning: qualitative outcomes of the first virtual reality training course for emergency and essential surgery delivered by a UK–Uganda partnership. BMJ Open Qual. 2024 Jan 29;13(1):e002477. doi 10.1136/bmjoq-2023-002477.
Chen FQ, Leng YF, Ge JF, Wang DW, Li C, Chen B, et al. Effectiveness of virtual reality in nursing education: Meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2020;22(9):1–13. doi 10.2196/18290.
Saab MM, Landers M, Murphy D, O’Mahony B, Cooke E, O’Driscoll M, et al. Nursing students’ views of using virtual reality in healthcare: A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs. 2022 May 1;31(9–10):1228–42. doi 10.1111/jocn.15978.
Sebri V, Durosini I, Strika M, Pizzoli SFM, Mazzocco K, Pravettoni G. Virtual reality for the promotion of interoception awareness and body image in breast cancer survivors: a study protocol. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1165905. doi 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1165905.
Burrai F, Ortu S, Marinucci M, De Marinis MG, Piredda M. Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality in People with Cancer Undergoing Antiblastic Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2023 Aug 1;39(4):151470. doi 10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151470.
Bani Mohammad E, Ahmad M. Virtual reality as a distraction technique for pain and anxiety among patients with breast cancer: A randomized control trial. Palliat Support Care. 2019 Feb 1;17(1):29–34. doi 10.1017/S1478951518000639.
Chirico A, Lucidi F, De Laurentiis M, Milanese C, Napoli A, Giordano A. Virtual Reality in Health System: Beyond Entertainment. A Mini-Review on the Efficacy of VR During Cancer Treatment. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2016 Aug 3; 231(2):275–87. doi 10.1002/jcp.25117.
Karaman D, Taşdemir N. The Effect of Using Virtual Reality During Breast Biopsy on Pain and Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing. 2021 Dec 1;36(6):702–5. doi 10.1016/j.jopan.2021.04.007.
Austin PD, Siddall PJ, Lovell MR. Feasibility and acceptability of virtual reality for cancer pain in people receiving palliative care: a randomised cross-over study. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2022 May 1;30(5):3995–4005. doi 10.1007/s00520-022-06824-x.
Garrett BM, Tao G, Taverner T, Cordingley E, Sun C. Patients perceptions of virtual reality therapy in the management of chronic cancer pain. Heliyon. 2020 May 1;6(5): e03916. doi 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03916.
Uslu A, Arslan S. The Effect of Using Virtual Reality Glasses on Anxiety and Fatigue in Women with Breast Cancer Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy: A Pretest-Posttest Randomized Controlled Study. Semin Oncol Nurs. 2023 Oct 1;39(5):151503. doi 10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151503.
Wu Y, Wang N, Zhang H, Sun X, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in Symptom Management of Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vol. 65, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2023 Jan 23;65(2):e467–82. doi 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.01.023.
Chen G, Zhao Y, Xie F, Shi W, Yang Y, Yang A, et al. Educating Outpatients for Bowel Preparation Before Colonoscopy Using Conventional Methods vs Virtual Reality Videos Plus Conventional Methods. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Nov 22;4(11):e2135576. doi 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3557.
Wang LJ, Casto B, Luh JY, Wang SJ. Virtual Reality-Based Education for Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy. Journal of Cancer Education. 2022 Jun 1;37(3):694–700. doi 10.1007/s13187-020-01870-7.
Vivek C. Pandrangi , Brandon Gaston, Nital P. Appelbaum, Francisco C. Albuquerque Jr., Mark M. Levy RAL. The Application of Virtual Reality in Patient Education. Ann Vasc Surg. 2019;(59):184–189. doi 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.01.015.
Gautama MSN, Huang TW, Haryani H. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2023 Dec 1;67:102424. doi 10.1016/j.ejon.2023.102424.
Lee Wong C, Li CK, Choi KC, Wei So WK, Yan Kwok JY, Cheung YT, et al. Effects of immersive virtual reality for managing anxiety, nausea and vomiting among paediatric cancer patients receiving their first chemotherapy: An exploratory randomised controlled trial. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. 2022 Dec 1;61:102233. doi 10.1016/j.ejon.2022.102233.
Tian Q, Xu M, Yu L, Yang S, Zhang W. The Efficacy of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions in Breast Cancer-Related Symptom Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancer Nurs. 2023 Sep 1;46(5):e276–87. doi 10.1097/NCC.0000000000001099.
Pittara M, Matsangidou M, Pattichis CS. Virtual Reality for Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Comprehensive Review. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2023 Oct 2;10:e47114. doi 10.2196/47114.
Pareek TG, Mehta U, Geraldine Bessie Amali D, Gupta A. A survey: Virtual reality model for medical diagnosis. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2018 Dec 1;11(4):2091–100. doi 10.13005/bpj/1588.
Zasadzka E, Pieczyńska A, Trzmiel T, Hojan K. Virtual reality as a promising tool supporting oncological treatment in breast cancer. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Aug 2;18(16):8768. doi 10.3390/ijerph18168768.
Siti Noorkhairina S, Fadhlin Farhanah MF. Knowledge, Awareness, and Breast Self-Examination Practice Among Nurses in Sultan Ahmad Shah Medical Centre: A Follow-Up 6 Months Study. International Journal of Allied Health Sciences. 2023 June 30;7(2):2903–8.
Mehejabin F, Rahman MS. Knowledge and perception of breast cancer among women of reproductive age in Chattogram, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional survey. Health Sci Rep. 2022 Sep 1;5(5):e840. doi 10.1002/hsr2.840.
Sulu SM a. M, Mukuku O, Sulu AMS, Massamba BL, Mashinda DK, Tshimpi AW. Knowledge regarding breast cancer among Congolese women in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cancer Rep. 2023 Mar 1;6(3):e1758. doi 10.1002/cnr2.1758.
Alam NE, Islam MS, Ullah H, Molla MT, Shifat SK, Akter S, et al. Evaluation of knowledge, awareness and attitudes towards breast cancer risk factors and early detection among females in Bangladesh: A hospital based cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2021 Sep 1;16:e0257271. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0257271.
Al-Mousa DS, Alakhras M, Hossain SZ, Al-Sa’di AG, Al Hasan M, Al-Hayek Y, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practice around breast cancer and mammography screening among Jordanian women. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy. 2020;12:231–42. doi 0.2147/BCTT.S275445.
Assefa AA, Abera G, Geta M. Breast cancer screening practice and associated factors among women aged 20–70 years in urban settings of SNNPR, Ethiopia. Breast Cancer: Targets and Therapy. 2021;13:9–19. doi 10.1371/ journal.pone.0221356.
Bugli D, Dick L, Wingate KC, Driscoll S, Beck D, Walsh B, et al. Training the public health emergency response workforce: A mixed-methods approach to evaluating the virtual reality modality. BMJ Open. 2023 May 9;13(5):e063527. doi 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063527.